第九周隨堂筆記



隨堂筆記( 九)2013.12.05 鑑識科學法醫之夜 

楊敏昇\法醫演講



 １． 高鈉奶粉案. 鄉下處會被吃案. 解剖：腎衰竭. 驗牛奶、驗父母ＤＮＡ.

 ２． 詐領保險金：少婦毒殺母、夫與婆. 家人住院：少婦在點滴中注射農藥.

許文同夫妻製造假車禍，詐死. 沒設牌位，沒辦喪事. 車頭壓扁、窗戶沒破.

找遊民，製造假車禍撞工廠圍牆，點火燒掉. 後來偷車，車中有戶口影本.

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd"><span style="font-family:標楷體;color:red">旅遊平安險：低投資高獲利（意外險很少）. 每家保險投資一點.

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd; text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-list:l29 level1 lfo99"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:標楷體;color:red"> ３． <span style="font-family: 標楷體;color:red">死因：高處墜落＞顱內出血

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd"><span style="font-family:標楷體;color:red">方式：自殺、他殺或意外.

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd"><span style="font-family:標楷體">妻死夫活，妻頸有勒痕（屍僵）.

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd"><span style="font-family:標楷體;color:red">一氧化碳和人體結合競爭性２００～４００倍

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd"><span style="font-family:標楷體;color:red">密閉空間放一氧化碳，有致命吸引力

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd; text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-list:l29 level1 lfo99"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:標楷體;color:red"> ４． <span style="font-family: 標楷體;color:red">屍斑：牛奶理論（靜止時往下沉澱） <span style="font-family:標楷體;background: lime;mso-highlight:lime">（補充資料）

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd"><span style="font-family:標楷體">看壓痕看屍體是否被動過（浴室、廚房、陽台貼八角樁）

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd; text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-list:l29 level1 lfo99"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:標楷體;color:red"> ５． <span style="font-family: 標楷體;color:red">神探就是觀察入微.

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd; text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-list:l29 level1 lfo99"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:標楷體"> ６． <span style="font-family: 標楷體">玄奘大學出租套房屍體：看現場及環境的跡證. 鑑識組及法醫密不可分.

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd; text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-list:l29 level1 lfo99"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:標楷體"> ７． <span style="font-family: 標楷體">命案現場的主角

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd; text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-list:l29 level1 lfo99"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:標楷體"> ８． <span style="font-family: 標楷體">飯島愛死因？

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd">http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%AF%E5%B3%B6%E6%84%9B <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.2pt;line-height:16.05pt;mso-pagination: widow-orphan;mso-outline-level:2;background:white;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">肺炎死亡 <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;line-height:18.0pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan;background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">2008 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black; mso-font-kerning:0pt">年 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;text-decoration:none;text-underline: none">12 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">月24 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none">日<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">15 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">時30分左右，飯島愛被發現陳屍於東京都澀谷區櫻丘町的家中，發現遺體時已死亡多日. 經翌日的行政解剖，確認死於約一週前，死因為肺炎，而有關她的離世訊息於同日晚上發表於西田光之Hik816網頁.

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd; text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-list:l29 level1 lfo99"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體"> ９． <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">王水事件：連續頭版，創下台灣最高學府最高學歷殺人事件.

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">可洛方CCL４

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd">

<p style="margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0cm;line-height:18.0pt;background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";color:black;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">   http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3 <span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">四氯化碳 <span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;color:black">（化學式： <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:black">CCl4 <span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Arial; mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">），也稱 四氯甲烷 或 氯烷 ，過去常用作滅火器中的滅火物質，也曾經是常用的冷卻劑. 常態下為一種無色液體. 與醇、醚、石油醚、石油腦、冰醋酸、二硫化碳、氯代烴混溶. 在氯代甲烷中，毒性最強.

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd">

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">１０. 張紹誠消防人員，至醫院猝死（病死）.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">１１. <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">１２. 騎到五峰鄉，墜落，心臟病突發，被原住民發現.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">１３. <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">１４. 被列管的員警：頭部受傷，頭痛失眠. 領槍後自盡（槍傷形狀）右進左出

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">１５. 法醫認為他殺，鑑識組認為自殺. 不一樣的答案不是壞事.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">１６. ８歲彭強浮屍在交大湖上，母親練法輪功，小孩失蹤. （屍綠）小孩意外.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">１７. 佛光山住持頭部被砸爛，附住持一躍而下. 住持副住持失和.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">１８. <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">１９. 三十幾個證人. 從同居人窗上跳下，棉被沒摺，房間有擦拭血跡，毛巾在一樓管理員旁找到. 鞋子畫蛇添足. 窗戶關著的.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">兇手是男友小弟，吸毒，大哥女人回家. 屍體驗出精液（未強姦）.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體;color:red">鑑識人員是翹翹板中央，要幫兇手找對他有利和不利的證據.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">２０. <p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">２１. 葉昊定死亡案：被電死（漏電）撿球雙腳懸空，未接地.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">２２. 夫妻倆人宗教狂熱者，綁鐵絲自焚.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">２３. <p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">２４. 決定死亡方式

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">現場狀況＞社會背景＞醫學背景＞證物分析

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">解剖（只能了解死因）＞毒物學檢查（未完整記錄，所以查資料）

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">補充資料 <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"">： <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">100 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">年度刑案現場調查人員出國研習報告書

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">服務機關：新竹市警察局

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">出國人員：李股長志誠等2 人

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">派赴國家：美 國

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">出國期間：100.12.03~100.12.19

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">報告日期：101.01.18

<p class="MsoNormal">http://www.hccp.gov.tw/hccp/download/out/100-1.pdf

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">金字塔偵查理論之分析

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">金字塔的偵查理論主要分成三個階段：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">第一階段為「發生什麼事?」

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">第二階段為「為什麼會發生?」

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">第三階段為「誰做的?」

<p class="MsoNormal">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">金字塔理論圖示

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　 命案偵查的第一階段由發現犯罪或是屍體開始，屬於現場勘察的部分. 要了解整個過程中發生了什麼，由現場勘察分析來研判. 一位偵查人員分析的結果是來自於它本身的勘察經驗、人生經驗以及常識. 老師特別強調了「常識」這個部分，他也舉了許多案例來解釋這樣研判合不合理，例如妻子在家中櫥櫃裡舉槍自殺，而依照血跡噴濺的型態，櫃子的大小以及丈夫有沒有辦法將死者壓制並將其槍殺的情形來研判，妻子為自殺或是他殺.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　 第二階段就是偵查作為，了解為什麼命案為什麼會發生 ，動機是什麼?財殺、毒品、情殺、糾紛或是其他許多種動機等，調查案件所發生的背景、死者身分與生前的活動、現場剖繪…等. 最後 綜合第一階段的現場勘察與第二階段的偵查作為，依據鑑定結果並且逮捕嫌犯或是追緝嫌犯進入法庭程序 ，這是命案偵查的最後一階段也是第三階段.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;background:#D9D9D9;mso-shading:white;mso-pattern:gray-15 auto; mso-font-kerning:0pt">死亡的法醫學偵查

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　 法醫學的運用是為了協助偵查以及法庭上的問題. 法醫學包含了人類

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">學、考古學、植物學、齒科學、工程學、昆蟲學、催眠學、病理學、血清學、毒物學、精神病學等領域. 法醫病理學包含了臨床病理學、解剖病理學、刑事病理學等關於死亡的原因、過程還有方式 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　法醫鑑驗及鑑定工作主要在於釐清死亡原因和死亡方式，經由死亡過程及結果判定死亡原因與死亡方式的原委與法律責任. <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">２５. 還原現場

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">上課心得

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">趙瑜：上完這次課讓我想到兩句蘇軾詩「誰謂天地寬，出門即有礙」，看到那麼多意外、自殺或他殺的屍體照片，覺得這個世界實在是太可怕了. 印象深刻的有許多──一對宗教狂熱夫妻將自己用鐵絲綁起自焚、焦黑的屍體；舉槍自盡的警察腦袋上的洞和他車上的血；漂亮的大哥女人被大哥弟弟為了吸毒而謀殺；佛光山住持殺害另一名住持再跳樓自盡；孩子掉進交大湖中，法輪功媽媽說要把交大湖填平. 每個都是真實事件而不是小說內容，看到心臟都快跳出來了. 老師上課很幽默，然而有些內容我覺得有點性別歧視之類的，然後很贊同他說的，案子沒辦好是警察偷懶，有時也覺得有些諷刺，人民的保母時常不一定是最有能力最用心的人.

<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: 標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:標楷體">補充資料：

<p class="MsoNormal">http://www.hccp.gov.tw/hccp/download/out/100-1.pdf

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:#D9D9D9;mso-shading:white; mso-pattern:gray-15 auto;mso-font-kerning:0pt">１．兒童死亡案偵查

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　兒童死亡案件一直是社會大眾所矚目的案件，在課堂上老師提出了美國警方仍然在偵辦中，至今仍未破案的JonBenet Ramsey 遭擄人勒贖並陳屍於自己家中地下室的案件請學員們討論. 歹徒在被害人家中殺害被害人並留下一封勒贖的信件. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">這封信件的內容在於勒贖被害人家人的錢，數目並不大，可是卻又將被害人殺害並將屍體放置於地下室中. 這件案件一開始由於現場的破壞，屍體幾經移動，遺失了許多物證. 當下的採證未完全 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">， <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">導致此案到目前仍未有所獲 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">. 在課堂當中，老師要大家去檢視那封擄人勒贖信的內容，警方是由內容研判出歹徒是在被害人家中書寫該信以及書寫時間. 要大家去找出是哪一個句子哪個字透露出了這樣的訊息. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">由歹徒所書寫時的口氣，以及對於時間的用詞，推斷出他在書寫的時間與地點.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　這件案件至目前尚未破獲，而隨著被害人母親病逝，現場物證破壞以及鑑驗不完全，加深了這件案件的困難. 目前許多地方仍進行著後續的偵辦工作，希望有朝一日可以使得案件重見光明.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">被害女童

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">頸部傷

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">頭顱裂痕

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">繩子勒痕

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:#D9D9D9;mso-shading:white; mso-pattern:gray-15 auto;mso-font-kerning:0pt">２．性窒息死(Sexual Asphyxia)與性愛癖(Hypoxyphilia)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　性凌虐又稱為自我虐待性淫癖症，常併有性幻想之自我虐待、性行為錯置及一系列性倒錯的症狀，如戀物癖或戀裝癖. 這些自我虐待性淫癖症常表現在自慰性窒息死亡(Autoerotic Asphyxia)過程與現場. 現場自我凌虐、自我綑綁、勒住頸部與身體其他部位、上吊或頭罩頭頸部，意圖製造窒息情境以增加自慰時的性高潮，因而意外造成自慰性窒息死亡. 偵查人員在面臨這種現場的時候，常誤認為自殺、性謀殺或故佈疑陣案件.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　此類案件的現場常有一些特徵，在隱密或是私人的場所、通常為上吊、頸部有保護措施、現場有鏡子可供自我觀賞、全裸或變裝癖、奴隸性的懲罰性行為、陰部封鎖、色情書刊、自慰行為、可逃脫的方法或裝置、先前行為所錄製影片等，經由仔細的現場勘察、屍體的解剖確認並釐清案情. 在上這門課的當時，發生美國知名演員大衛卡拉定陳屍旅館房間衣櫥內，並遭繩索綁住頸部、雙手與生殖器. 老師也提到說大衛的案例是相當典型的自慰性窒息死亡的案子. 老師也提供了許多相關的案例以及現場的照片並讓同學們討論此類案件所應蒐集的物證以及情況性證據為何.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">在臺灣，礙於風俗民情，家屬常常是先清理現場，將色情書刊或是其他相關用品收起. 這些舉動往往會造成現場勘查人員的誤判，所以在詢問家屬的過程當中，同時也要觀察家屬的動作並確認現場發現的情形 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">名人案例

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">３．死亡時間判定 <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">４．分析死亡案件

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">( <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">一)案情摘要

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　 1998 年3 月3 日 ，美國陸軍國民警衛隊的戈登‧赫斯上尉正在肯塔基州的

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">諾克斯堡（Ft. Knox）進行年度訓練. 淩晨4 點45 分，有人看到赫斯上尉穿著

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">美國陸軍的作訓服離開了駐地，他走前帶上了他的錢包 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">. 由於赫斯平時很喜歡睡

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">懶覺，從不那麽早起床，而且在當天的訓練中始終沒有現身，於是 當天下午4

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">點，赫斯的戰友正式向上級報告失蹤.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　 3 月4 日早上8 點，赫斯的屍體在兵營附近的一處小河溝被發現，他面部朝

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">下，身著和失蹤時完全相同的衣物. 發現赫斯的2 名士兵在調查人員到來之前，

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">將赫斯翻了過來，並將他從血泊中拉出，還用一件夾克披在了他的頭上.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">死亡的第一現場

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">( <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">二)現場證據的收集

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　在將赫斯的屍體送回屍檢之前，調查人員首先對現場的情況進行了記錄，並收集現場的證據. 現場並未發現打鬥的痕跡. 在CID 之前到達現場的2 名士兵發現了赫斯的咖啡杯. 在仔細搜查之後，CID 在屍體附近一塊石頭旁邊發現了一件血跡斑斑的來澤曼刀具（Leatherman's Tool）.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">刀具和咖啡杯的位置

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">( <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">三)刀具和咖啡杯的位置.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　經查證， <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">刀具上的血跡只屬於赫斯一人 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">. 而通過查訪得知， <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">這把刀是赫斯昨晚剛買的. 在不遠處的垃圾箱裏，CID 發現了刀具的包裝，上面有赫斯的指紋 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，這也證實了上面的證詞. 此外， <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">警方還發現了赫斯的錢包，裏面的現金、鑰匙、戒指以及刀具的說明書都未被移動 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　隨後，在現場附近， <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">CID <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">發現了一些被折斷的樹枝，這會不會是搏鬥的痕跡呢？實驗分析表明，這些樹枝是先被銳器切割，再被折斷的. 而在赫斯的手中，也發現了樹枝的殘骸. 這說明赫斯先用刀子切斷了樹枝，才採取進一步行動 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">( <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四)血跡分析

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　赫斯的 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">外套正面有一處V 型的血跡 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，而 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大腿處和膝蓋上的泥點說明赫斯當時是跪在地上的 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">. 另外， <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">赫斯的小腿和腳上並沒有血滴，所以也印證了他在死亡時並非站立.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">受害者膝蓋上的泥土

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof: yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">外套上的一處傷痕

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof: yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">T-shirt <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">上與外套傷痕對應.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">( <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">五)赫斯的第一次屍檢

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　赫斯的屍體被送到了陸軍的醫療檢查室，屍檢全程由陸軍和CID 人員監督. 屍檢顯示，死亡時間是3 日早晨，正是赫斯離開軍營後的那段時間. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">屍檢在赫斯的身上共發現26 處密集刀傷：頸部6 處、胸部20 處，其中多處傷口都“很淺＂（Superficial）. 其中2 處刺傷穿過左心室、4 處穿過肺、2 處穿過肝臟，這些傷口都在赫斯手部的活動範圍內 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">屍檢並未發現抵抗傷，也沒有性侵犯跡象. 由於這些傷口的分布十分密集，顯示赫斯可能死於自殺 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，因為在他殺案件中，由於死者會掙扎與反抗，所以傷口通常會廣泛分布於全身.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　屍檢認為， <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">赫斯的死亡並非那幾處穿透臟器的傷口所致（那些傷口雖然嚴重，但不瞬間致命） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，他的 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">死因是心臟壓塞（Cardiac Tamponade），即液體聚集

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">在心包處所導致的循環衰竭. 根據病理學結論（試探傷、無抵抗傷） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，可以 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">初步認為赫斯死於自殺. 但這還需要毒理檢驗，以及其他證據來確認 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　屍檢隨後對赫斯的衣服進行了檢查，在他的外套上，僅有一處傷痕. 而在敞開外套下面的T 恤上，有多處傷痕，這些傷痕和他腹部的刀傷一一對應. CID 據此推斷：赫斯一開始想隔著衣服自傷，但衣服阻礙了他的自傷，所以他就把外套解開，繼續了後邊的自傷. 把衣服解開，一般不是他殺的特徵.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">盡管有諸多證據指向自殺，但在CID 看來，這些證據仍不足以確定赫斯死於自殺 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">( <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">六)二次屍檢

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　在剛剛發現赫斯屍體的3 月4 日，赫斯的妻子收到了軍方的死亡通知，她認為「自己的丈夫肯定死於他殺」. 而 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">在第一次屍檢後的幾天，陸軍在未經CID 同意的情況下，擅自發布了赫斯死於自殺的結論，這引來了家屬的不滿 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　赫斯的家屬認為，自己在第一次屍檢時並未在場，所以在他們的要求下，一位來自紐約的法醫病理學家對赫斯的屍體進行了第二次屍檢.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">第二次屍檢在赫斯的手臂上發現一處約2.5 厘米的刀傷——這是典型的抵抗傷，這意味著赫斯死於他殺. 但是，軍方拿出了第一次屍檢的照片，照片顯示，

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">當時赫斯的上臂並沒有這樣的傷痕，證明這些傷痕是偽造的 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">( <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">七)受害者分析

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">除了證據採集和屍檢以外，對受害者背景、心理和動機進行調查，做受害者研究

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（Victimology）也十分重要. 在對赫斯的戰友和家屬進行詳細走訪後，CID 認

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">為，赫斯是一個爭強好勝、事業心極強的人，他極其看重榮譽，不甘心失敗.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">在案件發生前，赫斯指揮的連隊在一次電腦戰場模擬訓練中，意外殺死了2 名友

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">軍. 這件事讓赫斯一蹶不振，性情大變. 他的上級長官說，赫斯曾多次向他透露，

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">這次失敗的責任全在自己，而他的上司也確實擔心過赫斯可能會自殺.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">進行分析的心理醫生認為，赫斯很可能會通過自傷來懲罰自己，或以此「釋放」

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">壓力.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">５． 不明死亡原因調查（Advanced Techniques for

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:#D9D9D9; mso-shading:white;mso-pattern:gray-15 auto;mso-font-kerning:0pt">Unresolved Death Investigations <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background: #D9D9D9;mso-shading:white;mso-pattern:gray-15 auto;mso-font-kerning:0pt">）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　法務部今年(100)元月25 日發表報告，按各地檢署檢察官相驗死亡案件統計，自殺在國人死亡相驗案件中排名第二，平均每兩小時十八點五分鐘就有一人自殺，且壯年自殺比率逾四成. 法務部統計過去十年各地檢署相驗自殺案件，達37,982 人，約占死亡相驗案件的兩成. 相驗案件第一名是病死. 民國九十年，自殺死亡相驗案件只占檢察官相驗案件百分之十五點四. 九十八年達到百分之廿二點二，出現逐年上升趨勢，去年才略降為百分之廿一點五. 九十五年自殺人數最高，多達4,458 人.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　在美國亦是如此，依據美國U．S．SUICIDE STATISTICS(2007)Center for Diesease　Control 統計平均每年自殘人數約40 萬人，自殺死亡人數約34,598 人，各類型死亡，自殺佔1/3，每16.7 分鐘就有1 人自殺.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">第一節 死亡現場調查概念

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　在美國針對「死亡現場調查」有來自不同背景、知識、經驗的人共同組成， <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">包括司法人員、法醫、檢驗員及牧師等 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，也因為如此， <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">無完整標準化、制度化之單位組織 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，因此美國於1990 年成立美國法醫死亡調查協會（American Board of

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">Medicolegal Death Investigators <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning: 0pt">【ABMDI】），在美國有些州要求必須要獲得

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">ABMDI <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">認證，始可執行「死亡現場調查」之工作，而執行此項工作之專業人員叫「 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">死亡現場調查員（Death scene investigator【DSI】 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">）」.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　死亡調查哲學銘言：Takes the victim as he finds him，意指死亡調查，不能有先入為主的觀念，例如：當勘驗死亡現場，檢視該死者之傷口、死後生理狀態、舊疾及現場狀況等等因素，進而研判其死亡可能原因，當觀察研判有利於其死因被成立，則死亡原因被成立，但有新的有利於其死因被成立，則死亡原因會改變. 此觀念就如同刑案現場勘察一樣，事實真像就只有一個，但現場狀況卻可有多種不同解釋.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　沒有任何「死亡案件」現場狀況及背景因素是相同的，但就「死亡調查」而言，從死亡通報、調查至研判死因卻有步骤可被依循的.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">第二節 現場屍體死因之初判

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">1 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、現場屍體所呈現之姿勢：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　死者於躺臥現場（例如：樓梯口、臥房、浴室）呈現扭曲狀或明顯不自然狀態，一般而言，大部份初判為猝死比例較高，例如：仔細勘察死者周圍，會發現因猝死而跌倒之痕跡，然而這並不代表自然躺臥在床上之死者就並非猝死. 另在勘察有一普遍錯誤的觀念，死者於躺臥現場呈現扭曲狀或明顯不自然狀態，加上臉部呈現痛苦狀，這代表死者在死亡過程中是痛苦的，一般而言，死者於躺臥現場所呈現之姿勢和臉部痛苦狀是無關的，因為 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">在垂死過程中死者臉部痛苦狀是因生理的痛（Pain）或心理的痛（Suffering）DSI 是不會知道的，要俟解剖後才能知道，因此DSI 在調查過程中所撰寫報告內容要小心，因為有關死者是Pain 或Suffering 就死者家屬角度而言是一樣的痛，但就法律層面而言是不一樣的痛.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、現場血跡：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　在「死亡現場」不管是自然死亡或非自然死亡皆有可能發現大量之血跡，因外傷而死亡現場包含了動脈血及靜脈血，例如： <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">刺傷(stabbing wound)可在現場發現大量噴濺血跡；槍傷可在現場發現廣泛性的噴濺血跡，但是有些傷勢只能在現場看見少量血跡，但解剖卻發現體內大量內出血 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，因此 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">勘察「死亡現場」血跡量之多寡並不能代表其傷勢之嚴重性 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">. 在某些自然死亡案例: <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning: 0pt">如酒精中毒造成肝硬化（cirrhosis），會造成食道靜脈曲張（Varices），導致靜脈破裂，死亡者在其現場會發現大量噴濺血跡，類似死者是遭暴力毆打而死亡. 另外嚴重胃潰瘍（Ulcers）、肺癌（Lung tumors）、肺結核病（Tuberculosis）、流鼻血（nosebleeds）等疾病亦會造成死者由食道或氣管噴出大量血跡，上述疾病在現場大部分皆會造成廣泛血跡分佈，而且血跡大部分會分佈在廁所、浴缸、洗手槽、毛巾、衛生紙等位置 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">3 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、現場嘔吐物：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　在調查猝死案件中，DSI 往往會遇到共同的一個疑點，那就是死者臉上及現場有嘔吐物（Vomitus），許多DSI 會有錯誤的觀念認為死者臉上及現場有嘔吐物，研判死因為吸入嘔吐物至氣管導致噎死，有一觀念必須了解嘔吐是一種非自我能控制的動作，有些案例確實是因大量嘔吐物吸入至氣管導致噎死，如果吸入大量嘔吐物至氣管沒有死亡，最後也可能會發展成肺炎（pneumonia）而導致死亡.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　然而， <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">在一些死亡案例中，「嘔吐」是死亡過程的一部分，叫作「terminal　vomiting」 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，此時除了嘔吐外還包括深沉意識昏迷，例如： <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">吸毒、喝酒導致昏迷或腦部受損或心臟病， <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">尤其因為心臟病死亡者時常會伴隨嘔吐，事實上，任何種類之死亡皆有可能伴隨嘔吐現象，因為瀕臨死亡邊緣，除了深沉意識昏迷，中樞神經控制內臟反射能力亦消失. 因此在調查死者臉上及現場有嘔吐物時，勿妄下結論，因為有可能是噎死？疾病？或是死亡過程之一部分？

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">4 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">「死亡現場」死亡原因初判 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　現場部分：身體衣著髒亂：身體污垢不堪、指甲很長內藏污垢、非常髒之衣服、衣服沾有尿液或糞便、口腔明顯不潔，可懷疑此死者可能是酒精、毒品濫用者或精神疾病者.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　死者居住環境髒亂：住宅四周堆滿廢物、碗盤堆放多天長霉、尿液或糞便沾附在屋內或樓梯口，完全沒有衛生觀念，就教授多年經驗，這些人大多為酒精、毒品濫用者或精神疾病者，因為輕忽局住環境衛生者，這些人大部分亦欠缺健康觀念.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">屍體部分：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　屍體擴散性腫脹（diffuse swelling of the body）：死者屍體新鮮階段呈現腫脹現象，我們稱水腫（anasarca），這些人很有可能是腎衰竭（kidney failure）、心臟病、肝硬化病人及有嚴重外力傷（trauma）之病人，之所以呈現腫脹現象是因為這些人靜脈血管外的組織間隙中有過多的體液積聚所致.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　暗紫紅色屍斑分布在頭、頸、上胸部（blood pooling）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">死體在頭、頸、上胸部明顯呈現暗紫紅色屍斑 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，這種死亡現場大部分是各類型心臟病死亡所造成，心臟是緩慢停止，而非瞬間停止，導致血液聚集在上半身，特別是冠狀動脈疾病，其它疾病例如：肺栓塞、氣喘（asthma）、吸毒過量. 另外在非自然死亡中窒息（asphyxial）死亡者亦會造成屍體在頭、頸、上胸部明顯呈現暗紫紅色屍斑統稱suffusion of livor.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖一】此案為非自然死亡，窒息（asphyxial）而死亡者，亦會造成屍體在頭、頸、上胸部明顯呈現暗紫紅色屍斑

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">瞳孔不對稱（unequal pupils） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：通常發生於死亡頭部有外力傷、少數死亡案例，死亡後亦會有瞳孔不對稱現象.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">淤斑（petechiae） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：petechiae 是一種點狀出血，通常出現在眼球結膜、眼皮、臉及上胸部，這是因為微血管收擠壓破裂而造成點狀出血，通常窒息（asphyxial）死亡者易出現點狀出血 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black; mso-font-kerning:0pt">.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖二】此案為非自然死亡，窒息（asphyxial）而死亡，微血管收擠壓破裂而造成點狀出血

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">耳下腺腫脹（swollen parotid gland） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：耳下腺位於雙臉頰下方，如發現腫脹有

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">可能是慢性酒精中毒.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">鮮血從鼻或嘴巴噴出：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">嘴唇紫色（blue lips）（perioral cyanosis） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：通常與慢性缺氧有關，例如窒息、心臟或肺部疾病有關.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">眼睛凹陷（sunken eyes） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：通常與死者脫水、營養不良有關，此時皮膚部分會

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">呈現失去彈性，拉起皮膚，該皮膚不會恢復原來位置，而呈現帳蓬狀（tenting）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">皮膚部分：柔軟麵團皮膚（doughlike skin）：死者在脫水狀況下，皮膚變成柔軟無彈性，拉起皮膚，該皮膚不會恢復原來位置，而呈現帳蓬狀（tenting）.

<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black; mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖三】在脫水狀況下，皮膚變成無彈性，拉起皮膚，該皮膚不會恢復原來位置，而呈現帳蓬狀

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">皮膚挫傷(bruising) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：特別是老人、營養不良、長期重症死亡者，其皮膚會變特

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">別薄，在輕微外力碰撞或無外力碰撞下皮膚皆而容易撕裂（tears）並於皮下造

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">成淤血（ecchymoses）【圖四】，容易誤判為外力造成挫傷. 針對這種挫傷，其挫傷的位置及面積大小的深入了解是非常重要的，因為如果只是小面積的挫傷，例如：小腿之前的挫傷有可能是沒有意義的，但如在臉部有大面積的挫傷則可能有要深入調查，解剖是最具體研判死亡原因之方法.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖四】老人、營養不良、長期重症死亡者，其皮膚會變特別薄，在輕微外力碰撞或無外力碰撞下皮膚皆而容易撕裂（tears）並於皮下造成淤血（ecchymoses），容易誤判為外力造成挫傷.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">皮下組織出血： <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black; mso-font-kerning:0pt">有些死者包括肝硬化、酒精中毒、老人薄而乾皮膚、嚴重疾病者，

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">因為凝血功能不佳及皮膚變薄，非常容易在死者身上發現完整面積之皮下出血，

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">誤以為是遭鈍器傷.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes"> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖五】凝血功能不佳及皮膚變薄，非常容易在死者身上發現完整面積之皮下出血，誤以為是遭鈍器傷.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四肢部分：指甲-腳指甲之杵狀膨大clubbing of the fingers：如發現死者有指甲-腳指甲變圓、變寬有可能是肺部疾病或先天性心臟病，但如為家族性遺傳指甲-腳指甲之杵狀膨大，則例外.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">關節炎（Arthritis） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：意指關節發炎，有多種型式關節炎，但最常見有2 種：骨關節炎（osteoarthritis）及類風濕性關節炎（rheumatoid arthritis），死者關節腫脹變大，指甲關結部分畸形、腫脹、彎曲.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">小腿大小不一（calves of different sizes） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：死者其中一隻小腿鮮紅、腫脹，

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">有可能是小腿骨折、外力鈍傷造成腓靜脈栓塞，這血栓會隨血管流入心臟再由心

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">臟流出進入肺部，造成肺栓塞（pulmonary embolus）進而猝死.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　就法律觀點，如果一個人跌倒骨折，因為骨折造成肺栓塞而死亡，這屬於意外（accident）死亡，因為此肺栓塞的栓子（包含：血塊、酯類、蛋白質）可迴朔到原來受傷骨折的部位. 但是如果一個人跌倒骨折，該骨折部位已經癒合而且行動沒有困難，但栓子已經形成多時，此時發生肺栓塞而死亡，這屬於自然

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（natural）死亡.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">小腿腳毛掉落 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black; mso-font-kerning:0pt">：如發現死者腿部光澤無腳毛，有可能是動脈粥狀硬化

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（atherosclerosis）造成，因為動脈粥狀硬化患者因血管狹窄其血液不容易流

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">到下半身，故小腿得不到營養，故腿部呈現光澤無腳毛，這種証狀亦發生在長期

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">吸煙者、糖尿病患者身上. 如果動脈粥狀硬化是在身體其它部位，則該身體部位

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">皮膚會呈現非常光澤.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">小腿部呈棕色（venous stasis changes） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：如發現死者小腿部呈棕色【圖六】大部分是年長者或是鬱血性心臟衰竭（CHF）或代謝不良所造成小腿靜脈充血，最後靜脈血因心臟衰竭無法迴流到心臟，造成小腿組織充血，故該小腿組織便成棕色，最後組織便壞死.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖六】小腿部呈棕色大部分是年長者或是鬱血性心臟衰竭（CHF）或代謝不良所造成小腿靜脈充血

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">指甲和腳指甲 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black; mso-font-kerning:0pt">：觀察死者指甲或腳指甲下，有條狀出血【圖七】有可能是心內膜

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">炎，也就是說心臟二尖瓣或瓣膜遭細菌感染，這些細菌沿動脈流到指甲床、腦部、

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">腎臟等器官. 如果觀察死者指甲呈現鋸齒狀（Indentation）（beaus line），代

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">表死者在生前已經罹患嚴重疾病，是何種疾病則以解剖為準. 如果觀察死者指甲

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">呈現白色橫線條（Mees lines），代表死者可能砷中毒、铊中毒或其它毒物中毒.

<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout;position: absolute;z-index:251712000;margin-left:362px;margin-top:13px;width:55px; height:56px"> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout;position: absolute;z-index:251713024;margin-left:398px;margin-top:41px;width:55px; height:57px"> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖七】死者指甲或腳指甲下，有條狀出血有可能是心內膜炎，也就是說心臟二尖瓣或瓣膜遭細菌感染

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">軀體： <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black; mso-font-kerning:0pt">男性乳房化：肝硬化死亡者，可觀察有些乳房腫大，因為肝硬化造成雌激素增加所致.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">桶狀胸（barrel-shaped chest） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：死者胸部成筒狀擴張，大部分為慢性肺氣腫

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（chronic emphysema）所致.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">第三節 創傷傷口研判

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　外力造成之傷害可分為鈍器傷（blunt force injuries）及銳器傷（sharp force　injuries），就法律觀點精確定義這些傷口是重要的，因為定義了這些傷口，才

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">能統一標準並分類，執法人員才有依循研判. 茲分類如下：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">鈍器傷（blunt force injuries） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　鈍器傷是身體組織遭例如：刮傷（scraping）、碰撞（hitting）、壓傷（crushing）、撕裂傷（tearing）等所形成之傷口. 遭鈍器傷害程度依：鈍器 種類、施力大小、次數、受傷部位（硬、軟組織）等所組成，鈍器傷包括：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">挫傷（contusions）、擦傷（abrasions）割裂傷（lacerations）、骨折（fractures　of bones）、撕裂傷（avulsions）、壓傷（crush injuries）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　鈍器傷主要特徵：鈍器傷時常混合上述多種傷，例如：割傷周邊常伴隨有擦傷，壓傷常伴隨各種鈍器傷，另鈍器傷常造成受傷組織轉移到鈍器物上，鈍器微物碎片亦有可能轉移到受傷組織上. 故所有鈍器種類造成之傷口應仔細檢視是否有鈍器微物碎片.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">挫傷（contusions）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">鈍器造成皮膚或組織下微血管出血（hemorrhage） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black; mso-font-kerning:0pt">，進而促使皮膚或組織顏色改

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">變，紫紅色、暗紅色皆有可能，此現象叫挫傷.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖八】此案為遭鐵絲捆綁造成之挫傷，中間肉色部份為捆綁區，捆綁區周圍則呈現皮下出血，捆綁區下緣有黃褐色，粗估研判為4 天前之挫傷

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">但在下列因素下挫傷有可能無法以肉眼發現：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">1 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、深沉組織挫傷有可能無法以肉眼發現，除非解剖.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、挫傷位置位在組織較硬、膚色較黑部位.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">3 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、較老、營養不良、嚴重疾病者之皮下出血，容易誤判為挫傷所造成之出血.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">4 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、小孩表淺挫傷有可能肉眼發現，但深沉組織挫傷無挫傷痕跡，除非解剖【圖

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">九、十】.

<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖九】小孩明顯頭骨破裂但無明顯表淺挫傷

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖十】該小孩解剖頭骨破裂顱內出血

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　肝硬化、肝功能不良、凝血不良或藥物治療（e.g Coumadin）容易輕微碰撞造成挫傷出血.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　挫傷出血出血部位，並不一定就是挫傷傷口位置，因為血液會往阻力最小方向移動，例如：眼皮下出血（raccoon eyes），實際上是顱內出血所造成【圖十一】.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖十一】實際上是顱內出血所造成

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">皮下出血 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black; mso-font-kerning:0pt">尚有下列幾種：

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd; text-indent:-36.0pt;mso-list:l48 level1 lfo100;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:新細明體;color:black; mso-font-kerning:0pt"> 1、              <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black; mso-font-kerning:0pt">血腫（hematoma）：在組織下或周圍有大塊血快形成【圖十二】.

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖十二】血腫（hematoma）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、瘀血（ecchymose）：在皮膚下有大面積出血，因為微血管破裂所造成【圖五】.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">3 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、小血點（petechiae）：在組織下出現小、點狀、稍大的出血點【圖二】，時常在窒息死亡者，眼球部位可發現. 挫傷後顏色之變化（此為一般原則，僅作為參考依據）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">1 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、挫傷後數分鐘至數小時：紫紅色~暗藍色.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、挫傷後5 至7 天：暗紫色.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">3 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、挫傷後10 天至1 個月或超過1 個月：暗黃色~暗褐色. 【圖十三、十四】

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖十三】眼眶挫傷治療3 天後邊緣青褐色

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖十四】眼眶挫傷治療5 天後，眼眶淤血周圍青褐色變金黃褐色大約2 天時間

<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">擦傷（abrasions）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">擦傷為皮膚的一種破壞,通常僅侵及上皮的表層而已. 擦傷為 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red; mso-font-kerning:0pt">皮膚受到粗糙( Rough )或尖銳( Sharp)面摩擦致表皮的表層被刮掉 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，分類上有四種擦傷型態：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">1 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、 一般性擦傷(abrasions；usual abrasion) ：物體平行接觸皮膚或組職所造

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">成，此型態佔大部分【圖十五】.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖十五】一般性擦傷，此案為機車撞倒所形成之擦傷（scrapes）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、 滑動性擦傷（slidding abrasion） ：較一般型擦傷有較多線條及較大面積

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">擦傷，由擦傷線條可研判受力方向. 【圖十六】.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖十六】滑動性擦傷，，此案為死者遭汽車撞倒，身體背部磨擦人行道所形成具方向性線條

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">3 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、 壓力性擦傷（pressure abrasion） ：重物或外力以幾乎垂直方向力作用在

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">組織上所造成【圖十七】.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖十七】壓力性擦傷，此案為死者遭滾輪機器壓傷兼灼傷

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">4 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、 型態性擦傷（pattern abrasion） ： <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF; color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">有型態之物體作用在組職上所形成之擦傷 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，此種擦傷往往為複合式擦傷，而且 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">傷口往往可顯現該物體之型態 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖十八】.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖十八】型態性擦傷，此案為機車駕駛人高速行駛自摔，腿部組織與機車腳踏板擦撞所形成

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">5 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、 割裂傷（lacerations）（tears） ：割裂傷為物體作用在組織上所形成之撕裂傷（tearing）或組織裂開（splitting），形成割裂傷有三種必要條件【圖十九】：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">1 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、傷口邊緣為鋸齒狀或坑道狀

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、有組織間橋

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">3 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、傷口邊緣有擦傷

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖十九】割裂傷（lacerations），要符合上述三種必要條件

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">注意區別割裂傷（lacerations）與切割傷（incise wound）： <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red; mso-font-kerning:0pt">割裂傷型態有

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">直線狀或鋸齒狀，直線狀之割裂傷往往會誤判為切割傷（incise wound） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black; mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">二十】，注意切割傷（incise wound）為銳器所造成，此時組織是被切開而非

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">撕開，這是非常重要的區別，割裂傷（lacerations）要符合上述三個條件.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖二十】此為割裂傷（lacerations）非切割傷（incise wound）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">撕裂傷（avulsions） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">撕裂傷是一種身體組織完全或不完全撕裂脫離身體，撕裂邊緣類似割裂傷（lacerations）呈現鋸齒狀，除此之外尚包括：撕裂程度深達骨骼、肌腱、肌肉或其他深沉組織【圖二十一】. 在現場應注意是否有遭撕裂的組織遺留在現場，如無發現，考慮是否此為第二現場.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖二十一】撕裂傷（avulsions），此為空難死者組織完全撕裂脫離身體

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">壓傷（crush injuries） <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">壓傷通常由巨大物體及力量所組成，壓傷主要特徵:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">1 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、有各類型擦傷所組成.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、撕裂傷程度常深及內部器官.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">3 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、此類傷常屬於意外所造成，例如：車禍、工業傷害，常造成骨折.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">骨折（fractures of bones）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">骨折亦屬於 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:red;mso-font-kerning:0pt">鈍器傷 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，一般而言，通常由較大力量所造成，惟一例外是老人骨質疏鬆症（osteoporosis），小孩及嬰兒有柔軟的骨骼能彎曲，但不易骨折，小孩及嬰兒如發現骨折大多屬於青枝骨折(greenstick fracture)，此種骨折為彎曲脆裂，但不會完全斷裂. 骨折可分2 大類，直接創傷及間接創傷所造成之骨折. 直接創傷骨折被分類如下:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">1 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、局部骨折（focal fracture）：小至中等力量衝擊造成局部骨折.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、壓脆性骨折（crush fracture）：巨大力量造成複合性骨折，軟組織受傷及

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">骨骼搗裂.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">3 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、穿入性骨折（penetrating fracture）：巨大力量集中在骨骼中一個點所造

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">成骨折，例如:子彈射入骨骼.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">非直接創傷骨折被分類如下:

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">1 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、扭轉性骨折（rotational fracture）：例如小孩扭轉手臂或腿造成骨折

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、牽引性骨折（traction fracture）：骨骼牽拉造成骨折.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">3 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、歪曲性骨折（angulation fracture）：組織創傷造成骨骼彎曲，當彎曲到一臨界點，既造成骨骼斷裂.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">4 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、壓迫性骨折（compression fracture）：骨骼壓迫造成骨折，在骨質疏鬆症（osteoporosis）病人常因自身身體重量造成脊椎壓迫性骨折.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">銳利傷（sharp force injuries）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">銳利傷通常是由銳利物體切割皮膚所造成傷口，割裂傷（lacerations）與切割傷（incise wound）區別非常重要，割裂傷型態有直線狀或鋸齒狀，直線狀之割裂傷往往會誤判為切割傷（incise wound）【圖二十】，注意切割傷（incise　wound）為銳器所造成，此時組織是被切開而非撕開，這是非常重要的區別，否則球棒所造成之割裂傷（lacerations）容易誤判為刀器所造成切割傷（incise wound）.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">銳利傷包括下列：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">1 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、切割傷（incised wounds）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、戳入傷（stab wounds）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">3 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、穿刺傷（puncture wounds）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">4 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、防禦傷（defense wounds）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">5 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、猶豫傷（hesitation wounds）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">6 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">、砍 傷（chopping wounds）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">切割傷（incised wounds）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">當切割傷(Incision wound)的長度( Length )大於其深度時( Depth ) 時,可稱為割傷(Cut or slash wound) 切傷由尖銳的切割器所致時,通常為線狀(Linear in shape) ,但若在施力時改變方向即成彎曲( Curved)或V 字形(V-shaped) ,由金屬鋸齒部份或玻璃碎片割傷時,可能出現不規則形狀,但若仔細檢查傷口可見其創緣(Edge)鮮明整齊且外翻( Evert) ,其創面平滑. 通常利器劃一刀一個創口,但若在利器下皮膚成皺裙( Fold) ,則劃一刀下去可能因正常皮膚的橋架( Bridges)分成一系列創口.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">　　切傷常見於歐打 (Assault)及他殺( Homicide)他殺的切傷通常為多數,且

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">可發生於身體任何部位【圖二十一】【圖二十二】.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖二十一】切割傷（incised wounds）注意與割裂傷（lacerations）作區別

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖二十二】同上圖切割傷（incised wounds）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">戳入傷（stab wounds）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">當皮膚或組織傷口(Incision wound)的深度(depth )大於其寬度時( wide ) 時,可稱為戳入傷(stab wounds)，造成插入傷之兇器有刀、玻璃碎片、彈簧刀等，插入傷常造成動脈、靜脈或內臟器官大量出血而死亡. 插入傷髮醫學上相當重要，如謀殺、過失殺人等.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">凶器情形：雙刃凶器，傷口兩端均尖銳呈細V 字形【圖二十三】，單刃凶器傷口一端尖銳另一端可能圓形、挫傷、魚尾狀（由於單刃刀背角使皮膚裂開）【圖二十四】.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">創緣情形：若數次戳傷既戳了拔出再戳，可致創緣呈鋸齒狀或z字形.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">創口的線狀方向：可能垂直、水平或向上內或向上外.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【圖二十三】雙刃凶器，傷口兩端均尖銳呈細V字形

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-no-proof:yes">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">【二十四】單刃凶器傷口一端尖銳另一端可能圓形、挫傷、魚尾狀（由於單刃刀背角使皮膚裂開）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow; mso-font-kerning:0pt">防禦傷（defense wounds）

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">防禦傷(Defense wound)偶爾可見於下腿,當被害者( Victim)躺臥時, 會以

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">下腿來保護自己,驗屍時若有碰到此情況,應疑有被性侵害,須作口腔、直腸及陰

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">道抹片( Smear)檢查及自該處擦拭取樣( Swab) 【圖二十二】.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">猶豫或躊躇傷( Hesitate wound, tentative wound)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: DFKaiShu-SB-Estd-BF;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">切傷有時是自己所為( Self-inflicted )例如猶豫或躊躇傷,根據Smith的報告,這種捏造傷(Fabricated wounds)通常較淺,一系列的平行或交叉切傷,最常於顱頂端,左上臂外,左前臂前面,大腿的前面及外側面,與胸部及腹部的前面(貫用右手者), Smith 強調,碰到這種案例,須要檢查其衣服,因捏造傷很少連衣服也損傷【圖二十一】.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體">

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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:20.0pt;font-family:標楷體">[ <span style="font-size:20.0pt;font-family: 標楷體">加分作業] 

<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#3333FF; background:#FFFFDD">[ <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt; font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#3333FF;background:#FFFFDD">加分作業 <span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:#3333FF;background:#FFFFDD">20131119_ <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Arial; mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#3333FF; background:#FFFFDD">校對、增修、補強附件的文章 ]<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:#666666;background:#FFFFDD">  <span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#3333FF; background:#FFFFDD;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">

<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:標楷體">犯罪現場調查與司法科技發展之研究 

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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">摘要 

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">近年來許多錯判冤案發生，如蘇O和案、江O慶案與台中竹竿性侵女童案等，致使國人產生對司法制度的關注. 倘若能善用現代科技，建立一套良善的現場調查制度，將是運用科技協助司法改革的一大成就. 因此，文中將討論法律人與科技人如何攜手合作、發揮科學辦案的精神，並期望防範冤獄的發生.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">鑑識人員在處理現場時，採用傳統的錄影、錄音、照相、測繪、標誌、採證等傳統勘察方式，除了耗費較多的人力，現場原始狀態和相關證物的破壞，對鑑識人員而言都是一大困擾. 因此，如何在第一時間保全並記錄原始現場，完成有效的勘察工作；如何傳輸影像和後端處理相關證物，並讓學者專家在雲端上從旁指導；如何整合各項資源、發揮勘察現場的最大效益等，都是當前鑑識人員急迫解決的問題.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">本研究中介紹五種可運用在犯罪現場調查的領域的現代科技，並透過個案研究法，協助鑑識人員解決現場勘察效率不高、人力不足的窘境. 討論說明應用『無人飛行載具』、『3D掃描及3D列印』與『智能手機搭配Apps程式』等科技工具，更詳實的記錄犯罪現場資訊. 再透過Wifi、3G/4G的方式，將現場的即時資訊傳輸到雲端資料庫，經由遠端的討論與線上指導，提升勘察的效率和品質. 另藉由「無線射頻識別(RFID)」技術強化物證監督鍊的功能：現場透過雲端資料庫比對，完成即時分析、專家聯合診斷與協同作業等目標，可大幅提升現場勘察的效益. 推廣『刑案現場即時比對』、『鑑識雲端運算』以及專家系統的新概念，，必定對犯罪現場的調查現況，有突破性的變革.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">本研究最後提出（一）、應推廣「鑑識雲端運算」的實務運用，（二）、鼓勵廠商開發警政相關的智能手機和應用軟體（Apps程式），（三）、向下扎根、擴大鑑識科技專業人才之培育等三點建議供相關決策者參考. 最後，期望藉由本文拋磚引玉，吸引更多不同領域的專家加入，共同為強化科學蒐證與推動司法改革，防止冤獄發生的理想目標盡份心力.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-font-kerning:0pt">關鍵 '<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">字 '<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-font-kerning:0pt">：犯罪現場調查； '<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">監督鍊; '<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-font-kerning:0pt">智能手機；3D掃描及3D列印、 '<span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">無線射頻識別( '<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-font-kerning:0pt">RFID) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-font-kerning:0pt">；鑑識雲端運算 

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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">壹、前言 

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="font-family:標楷體">早在2009年，美國國家科學院曾發表一份報告 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1] ，針對美國有關鑑識科學領域多年來的問題，提出了十三點極具建設性的建議與改善方針. 報告中討論如何降低檢驗錯誤的機率、提高鑑識的精準性和可信度；同時也提及應善用科技協助現場勘察，以達最完整的犯罪現場調查工作. 該報告舉出強而有力的實例，陳述狀況的嚴重性並提出有相關的改革方案. 其核心建議是要求美國國會設立專職國家級的鑑識科學組織，讓鑑識科學專家與多個跨領域的學門攜手合作，運用現代科技發展鑑識所需的各種技術，且使其標準化及通過國際認證以確保鑑定結果的一致和正確性. 為 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">迎合時代潮流，強化鑑識科學是必行的方向. 然而，關鍵問題需從第一線的犯罪現場調查開始探討. 正如美國國家科學院的報告，大部分鑑識科學學門的發展都是為了釐清案情、針對破案的需求. 事實上，鑑識科學正是要解決犯罪現場調查的問題. <span style="font-family:標楷體">不僅犯罪現場，火災及車禍現場，甚至電腦、網路的虛擬現場，也面臨相同亟需解決的困境，. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">因此如何善用科技來保全現場、維護跡證和落實現場調查工作，更顯其重要性.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">蘇O和 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">案纏訟21年，獲判無罪的關鍵，就是現場勘察問題. 現場調查是偵查案件的起點，勘察品質的好壞，更是破案關鍵，國際鑑識大師 李昌鈺 博士說過：「犯罪現場是物證的寶庫」. 保全物證是現場重建的第一步，多一分現場勘察就少一分現場重建的困難. 傳統現場處理所面臨的窘境除耗費人力外，鑑識人員對於現場、證物的破壞，都是當前鑑識人員急需解決的難題. 蘇O和 案、 江O慶 案與台中女童竹竿案等錯判冤案的發生， <span style="font-family:標楷體">皆凸顯第一線人員在現場保全、勘察工作的處理不當、未採集關鍵跡證等問題. 以上問題除了導致冤獄、誤殺，更是冷案遲遲未破的原因. 這些案件皆引發 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">國人對於司法制度的關注，若能善用現代科技妥善 <span style="font-family:標楷體">保全現場、協助犯罪現場調查的工作； <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">發揮科學辦案的精神及建立一套良善的科學採證制度， <span style="font-family: 標楷體">乃是 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">國人一大福音，對於鑑識領域，更是運用科技協助司法改革的一大成就. 如何讓案件在剛開始就進入有系統和品質穩定的處理程序，發展現場勘察工作「第一次就做好」的品管觀念，是本研究的主要目的.

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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:char; mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">貳、研究動機與背景 

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">有鑑於傳統勘察人員在現場處理時，採用傳統的錄影、錄音、照相、測繪、標誌與採證等作為，除了耗費較多的人力，對於現場原始狀態和相關證物的破壞，都是鑑識人員所需克服的難題. 因此，如何在第一時間，從事最有效的搜查及最完整的記錄，如何有效傳輸影像和相關證物資訊的後端處理、並讓學者專家能第一時間在雲端從旁指導；如何整合各項資源、發揮勘察現場的最大效益等，都是當前勘察人員急需解決的問題. 本研究將引進最新科技以改善現場調查的技術，整合多元的資源和並提供必要協助，期望能增進勘察效能，節省成本，發揮「科技辦案」的功效.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="font-family:標楷體">一般而言，案件發生後警方的標準調查模式，首先查訪左鄰右舍，確認他們有沒有看到什麼、聴到什麼. 或者利用線民蒐集情報，等有進一步線索後，再將嫌犯的照片讓被害人指認. 有時讓嫌犯混在列隊中，請被害人指認──這種作法有瑕疵，不符合科學辦案之精神. 指認犯人不應只看長相、相片或列隊指認的程序，必須用更科學的方式，確認真正的兇手. 有時也使用測謊器或生理檢測儀，分析嫌犯所承受壓力，並評估精神狀態；利用催眠方式瞭解嫌犯的潛意識，或解析嫌犯使用的詞句，分析其語意內涵等. 然而，這些心理與生理的偵查作為易受人為因素影響，很難正確判定受測者講話的真假. 現場物證才是最真實的，唯有科學鑑識的結果，才是破案的基礎，因此「犯罪現場調查和採證」變得越來越受到重視. 犯罪現場的物證必須經過科學的檢驗，能夠成為警方辦案的依據，科學鑑定的報告必須精確，才能夠供法官在法庭上作為審理與判罪的重要參考依據. 二十世紀初期，各先進國家均開始建立鑑識實驗室、組織鑑識學會，發展偵查科技和鑑識科學的領域，期望借重科學辦案的力量，讓司法單位能夠更精確、有效率的偵辦案件，而台灣鑑識制度正處於剛開始的發展階段，需要更多資源的投入.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"> <span style="font-family:標楷體">李昌鈺 <span style="font-family:標楷體">博士曾說過：「破案需要運氣」. 然而，我們絕不能單憑運氣破案. 唯有透過專業的鑑識團隊，善用科技，落實科學採證，才是發現真相，緝獲真兇的根本關鍵，也方可確保科學辦案的品質. 「警力有限，科技無窮」，如何科技整合、跨領域合作，利用現代新思維發展司法科技，強化犯罪現場調查工作，發揮科學辦案的精神，是本研究的核心目標.

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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:char; mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">參、研究方法與司法科技 

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">本研究目的在於檢討犯罪現場調查實務的問題、研發司法科技的運用，及討論各種司法科技導入犯罪現場調查工作的運用，進而比較出傳統與使用科技後現場勘察工作流程的變化，提出一個系統性的架構以供未來發展的方向. 然而，目前此領域在國內乃屬於新興研究，缺乏較完整的專文. 根據Alavi和Carlson <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2] 的研究指出，個案研究首重於觀察，是在自然實際的環境下從事研究，並可有多種的資料蒐集方法，且研究模式中的自變數與應變數及衡量方法尚未完全確定，因此可被歸屬為探索性研究；Eisenhardt <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]  指出個案研究法：特別適用於新興或現有理論不充分的研究領域，針對研究主題的初期，或是需要新穎觀點之研究非常有用，故本研究採「個案研究法」，通常進行個案研究時，其主要目的如下 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]  ：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">一、找出問題的原因，並提出問題解決的對策.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">二、深入探討問題，並歸結出重大發現，為下一行動紮根.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">三、發現個案的潛在能力，協助個案適性發展.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:48.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:2.0gd; text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:-2.0;layout-grid-mode:char; mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體">四、當個案研究以組織為研究對象時，可藉由研究診斷其經營管理上的缺失，進而提出改進方案，提振組織的績效與競爭力.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:48.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:2.0gd; text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:-2.0;layout-grid-mode:char; mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">      <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">本研究在蒐集資料之前，必須了解研究個案之意義，再確定研究對象的特性. 因此本研究引用最近剛被監察院特別調查的冤案，『謝O茂案 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5] 』與『江O慶案 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]  』，進行分析當前犯罪現場調查現況與缺失，從中找出問題癥結點和解決之道. 本研究結果發現，基層員警面對犯罪現場時，時常不知所措. 如何才能落實現場保全、勘察和採證工作，是勘察現場的第一大考驗. 尤其現場難以掌控，如血跡斑斑（如『世紀大審判O.J Simpson案』），踏進現場就可能會破壞跡證；又如震驚一時的「媽媽嘴-八里雙屍命案」，犯罪現場就在一片泥濘的紅樹林中. 如何兼具保全現場、完整的記錄及妥善的採證，更是一大挑戰，應如何引入先進的科技完成勘察任務，是眾所期盼的結果. 援此，本研究針對當前犯罪現場之問題，引進五個新興科技，提出未來如何運用在犯罪現場調查的具體構想. 這些科技與美國麻省理工學院2013年所預測的未來科技 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7] 及可能改變未來世界的十大科技 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]  不謀而合，其名稱和運用分敘如下：

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">一、無人飛行載具：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">無人飛行載具（Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,UAV），是延伸人類智慧的機器平台，可取代人力，應用於不易到達之處所，幫助處理許多危險、骯髒且重複性的工作 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]. 以遙控飛行器為例，已廣泛運用在公路偵搜、防災監測、水土災害與海岸偵防之監控、災前監測與災後調查等之任務，其空拍影像經校正，可導入3D立體模擬系統，擴展空拍影像在犯罪現場的應用 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10].

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">常見類似飛機、直昇機等無人飛行載具，已改變空照及無人勘察技術，利用無人載具搭配簡便的空照器材，即可代替勘察人員進入現場初步觀察時，避免造成現場的破壞，尤其類似以上提及的現場，若採空照勘察的技術，更能避免踏入現場，以便保全現場特色. 期望能藉由結合現代的科技的觀念，運用破壞性最低的方法協助犯罪現場的保全、記錄等工作，使後續採證作為可以更加完備.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">二、3D掃描及3D列印：

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">3D <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">掃描器，在商業上主要應用於地形與建築的測繪，透過電腦軟體完成模型重建之功能，近年來，因為科技進步，解析度提高，可運用於現場調查之測繪，處理與重建工具痕跡、足跡和鞋印等立體跡證. 3D掃描器為「一種利用雷射光束的發射與傳輸，再經過電腦計算，最後透過點雲呈現出物體的立體資訊之工具」. 先用3D掃描儀進行掃描，獲取現場的點雲立體資訊，再依據資訊進行現場建模和動畫模擬，即可精確地重建犯罪現場的場景. 此技術具有臨場感的動畫模擬效果，方便進行現場重建 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]. 以犯罪現場發現立體鞋印為例，當前仍採石膏製模法. 此為僅有一次機會的破壞性的採證，若採證失敗，證據就湮滅了. 尚未出現較佳的取代方案，此方法仍然沿用迄今. 3D掃描屬於非破壞性採證，在現場第一次採證不夠完整，不會破壞跡證的完整性，還可再次掃描，所製成的3D資訊，透過電腦比對，可達成即時3D比對的工作，必要時，亦可透過網路上傳至雲端，各相關領域專家均可藉由視訊會議，在雲端共同討論與研判；而3D掃描所列印出的3D模型，亦可當作呈堂證物，這樣的科技整合與運用，才符合科技辦案的精神.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">3D <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">列印屬於快速成形技術，其原理是運用粉末狀的金屬或塑料等，作為粘合的材料，透過特製列印機，以逐層堆疊累積的方式來構成物體，把3D數位檔案的立體型態印出來，其實3D列印歷史也不算短，1982年，日本名古屋市工業研究所首次作實體模型印製，1984年，查爾斯發明「現代」3D列印機 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]. 3D列印的技術愈來愈普及，甚至有人用來製造全世界第一把3D列印金屬槍 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13] ，已引發全球關注 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]  ，也證實3D列印與未來治安工作息息相關.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">另此科技在臉部重建工作也扮演重要角色，可運用在鑑識科學與考古學的領域. 當發掘到未知骷髏頭時，透過藝術鑑識專家的協助，模擬生前的臉孔. 藉由電腦圖學的發展運用於此項技術領域，可提高效率及可信度. 其作法為進行斷層掃瞄，建立頭骨的3D模型，並與資料庫進行比對，挑選相似的面孔，包含臉部的骨頭和軟體組織的模型，參考頭骨部位和所求骸骨進行對位的工作，利用彈性模型的觀念與對位結果，完成最後的模擬，達到頭骨復顏的目標 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15].

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">三、智能手機搭配Apps程式：

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">以往勘察人員所追求的理想目標，是使用穿戴式的錄影裝備進入現場，即可單獨操作全程錄影、錄音和照相三種功能. 不僅節省人力，亦可減低進入對現場的破壞. 然而，現代智慧型手機的發展快速，已經改變現代人的生活型態. 各種創新Applications (Apps)程式，可運用於犯罪現場之保全、記錄、勘察和檢驗工作，若配合偵檢設備如溫度計、濕度計、風向計、風速計與定位儀等功能，即可同步記錄溫度、濕度、風向、風速與經緯度等資訊，以利後續的現場重建工作. 如此即可取代穿戴式的蒐證器材，不但更節省經費，也能提昇勘察效能.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">雲端科技日新月異，警政署最近開始推動「警政雲」的運用，除持續強化M-Police警用電腦功能外，也有剛研發出的「即時相片比對系統」Apps程式 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]. 在裝有特殊認證加密晶片的iPhone手機中，透過手機拍照比對就能查出不明人士身分. 若遇到身分不明對象，只要拍下照片，上傳「警政雲」比對照片資料庫，可得出相似對象的照片，此功能讓警方辦案機動性將大幅提升. 另外，利用 Android 手機鏡頭拍攝車牌畫面，透過網路即可利用資料庫查詢的雲端運算服務 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17] ，省去鍵盤輸入所需耗費的時間. 可結合警政單位 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18] 用於贓車查緝，而監理站資料庫用於收費員記錄路邊停車收費之運用.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">警力有限，科技無窮，在科技日新月異的時代下，高科技產品不斷推陳出新. 最近由google團隊所研發之「google智慧型眼鏡」是微型投影器、攝影頭、傳感器、儲存傳輸與操控設備的結合體. 相較於配戴式的智慧型手機配件，攜帶更為方便，且具有錄影、拍照、GPS定位、通話等功能，可藉由語音、觸控與自動的方式來進行操作. 人們可利用上述功能，協助現場保全和記錄等的工作. 例如，隨時攝影的功能配合「即時相片比對系統」，即可在巡邏過程發現罪犯並逮捕之；若被指控涉及不法或誣告，可藉由自動記錄時間點的所在位置及視頻，當成有效的不在場證明，以減少冤獄發生. 此法所蒐集之資訊，均可透過雲端技術即時上傳至資料庫平台，以便永久保存. 以上為「google智慧型眼鏡」方便蒐證的功能，與現場調查工作進行整合的範例.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">傳統的犯罪現場勘察記錄需要完成勘察報告. 包含繪製現場圖、錄影、錄音、照相等工作，需要紙、筆及攜帶錄影機、照相機和錄音機等多項設備，方可完成. 如今只需智能手機加上Apps程式雲端記事簿Evernote，即可完成犯罪現場的蒐證. 除了數位記錄保存，雲端記事簿另一優勢在於犯罪現場資料的即時傳遞，不在現場的員警亦能即時接收犯罪現場勘察的資料，若資料有遺落或缺失，也可即時請現場的員警上傳補足，使得勘察記錄更加完整. 每個現場記錄都夠更加完整的保存下來，也便於日後查閱. 該軟體的相容性高，若是手機上內建衛星定位功能及地圖資訊，則可同時記錄地點和製造犯罪地圖.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">四、無線射頻識別系統(Radio Frequency Identification,以下簡稱RFID)：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">RFID <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">為『一種透過無線電波的偵測，感應電子標籤，再從電子標籤之中傳送資訊給讀取器，並給後端應用系統進行資料整理之系統』 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[19]. RFID在商業上主要應用於物流管理與庫存管理，可運用於犯罪現場調查之物證監管與耗材庫存管理，尤其現場物證在轉移的監督過程最需要它，也直接影響其證據力與證據能力；亦可幫助鑑識實驗室處理眾多的物證而不受干擾混淆，早期因證物監督鍊制度不夠完善，證物管理不受重視下，證物遺失、掉包的問題，間接造成司法正義無法伸張的窘境，因為RFID技術可分辨各個被標籤貼附的物件，應用於證物的管理與保全，可達有效及安全地管理證物之目的 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[20].

<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">五、鑑識雲端運算：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">雲端運算為「一種能夠處理與分享大量鑑識資料的資訊技術(Information Technology, IT)，其基礎架構是把眾多電腦系統，連結成一部超級電腦或大型鑑識資料庫，以提供IT 應用之服務」. 主要用在企業節約成本與協同作業，可運用在犯罪現場調查的物證資料比對. 早在十年前，筆者在新竹市警察局刑警隊鑑識組服務時，即開始提倡「公用電腦鑑識資料庫」的概念，許多警政單位仿效沿用迄今. 依科技的進步，「公用電腦鑑識資料庫」的概念也應與時俱進，改為「鑑識雲端資料庫」. 面對犯罪現場勘察的複雜與多元的資訊需求，急需建構大型之雲端鑑識資料庫來從事線上即時比對工作，唯有在第一時間提供最完整的相關資訊，方可協助現場處理人員. 同理，現場處理人員亦可即時傳送現場的最新勘察資訊，讓無法進入現場的指揮官或學者專家，得到即時正確的資訊，方可即時指揮調度，並提供專業建議.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">這些技術均已成熟且廣泛成功運用在商業上，也因當前智能手機的迅速發展，越來越多的資料存放在雲端硬碟. 其中資料庫的隱私和安全是最被關注的議題，提供安全、可靠與完整的鑑識資料庫，協助鑑識人員進行雲端查詢 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[21] ，協助犯罪現場的重建，是努力的目標. 未來犯罪現場調查專案小組，可在雲端平台上互相合作，進行協同作業，透過雲端科技處理複雜的資訊，在最短的時間內把現場所蒐證到的指紋與影像辨識出來. 配合現場檢測儀器，亦可分析現場的不明固體或液體，上傳數據，即時辨識是否為藥毒物或者爆裂物，利用高效率的雲端高階運算提供完整的資訊，同時降低現場人員工作時的危險性.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">台灣近年來已開始推廣雲端技術，並且逐漸運用於偵查犯罪方面，如「全國警政雲」及「科技防衛城」等. 「全國警政雲」結合無線科技，包含影音報案、全國監視安全及勤務派遣，可整合影音筆錄檔、監視器(CCTV)畫面與執勤影音檔等資訊;而「科技防衛城子計畫e化天眼」則主要針對新北市之CCTV，並結合車牌辨識系統、地理資訊系統、警車的衛星定位與報案等系統整合，且將資料全面上傳至雲端系統 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[22]. 偵查案件偵查時，即可藉由雲端系統上的資料對警力做最合適的佈署，亦可善用雲端人工智慧的專家系統，來協助搜查地下毒品製造工廠. 製作毒品必須先有特殊化學藥品做為前驅物提煉，而這些管制化學藥品的購買來源、運送方向，實際消耗使用情形，庫存情形及廢水排放的情形等相關的問題作綜合研判分析後，約可以預測毒品工廠的估計位置. 此外，資料庫的搜尋在未來的偵查過程中漸次增強了重要性. 若要從廣大資料庫中找到有用的資料，首先必須先建立多樣與完整的鑑識比對資料庫（如DNA、指紋、槍彈與鞋印等鑑識資料庫），方可發揮最大的功效. 另外，研判分析的方法也很重要，包含以案情的時間序列做分析、記錄和追蹤，家用、公用的電話、手機等雙向通聯記錄、信用卡使用記錄、衛星定位系統、地理資訊系統與電子地圖等，這些未來可行的司法科技將扮演越來越重要的角色.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:char; mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">肆、討論 

<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:char; mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">  

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">個案研究法之個案選擇方式，有單一個案與多重個案兩種. 本研究將採用後者，可比較個案之間的異同，充分了解科技工具之特性，將有利於不同應用中，歸納與統整出關鍵成功之要素，如此才能真正導入「犯罪現場調查」的新領域. 本研究選擇「無人飛行載具」、「3D掃描及3D列印」、「智能手機搭配Apps程式」、「無線射頻識別（RFID）」和「鑑識雲端運算」等五項科技工具，並搭配犯罪現場調查之現場記錄、物證蒐集、物證處理與現場重建等四大工作階段，針對各種司法科技運用在犯罪現場調查時，產生的效益與限制，進行分析與討論，其結果如下：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">一、無人飛行載具的效益與限制：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">1 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、無人飛行載具的效益：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:2.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(1) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、用來取代人力. 由於無人飛行載具可以幫助人類處理許多危險、骯髒且重複性的工作，應用於戶外或人力不易到達的處所.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:2.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(2) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、載具上沒有乘員，具有體積小、重量輕、動態性能反應快，可長時間的情報蒐集、偵查、監視，並在各種危險的情況下完成任務.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:2.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(3) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、整合GPS的無人飛行載具，可即時定位，快速地蒐集資料，操作簡易方便.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:2.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">   (4) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、多樣化載具的研發，包含運作的平台、軟體系統、感測器、通訊等其他搭配，具研發、設計、製造與維修成本低等優點.  

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:2.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">（5）、可騰空進入犯罪現場，從事空拍或測繪，無踏入現場，導致破壞跡證的疑慮.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:2.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">（6）、應用相當廣泛，可執行偵察、情報收集也運用在邊境的安全、國土安全偵查、拆除炸彈及與法律有關的監視調查行動.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、無人飛行載具的限制：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:2.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(1) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、國內鮮少有運用無人飛行載具，從事犯罪現場調查或救災支援之工作，可供參考資料甚少，不利於量化研究之呈現.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:2.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(2) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、無人飛行載具取像時，會出現地面像差問題，空拍影像應考量影像可能產生的誤差必須，隨時校正 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[23].

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:2.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(3) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、該技術在國內尚未成熟發展，亟需推廣和研究.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:2.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">  

<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">二、3D掃描及3D列印效的益與限制：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.5; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">1 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、3D掃描及3D列印的效益：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(1) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、短時間捕獲大量資訊：透過3D掃描器的快速雷射掃描，可避免傳統人工測繪不慎遺漏跡證之缺點. 可在短暫的時間內捕獲大量的資訊. 資訊不被遺漏，提升了物證蒐集的品質.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(2) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、增加立體印痕深度資訊： <span style="font-family:標楷體">傳統上2D照片或人工測繪的方式，很難瞭解跡證的3D位置. 唯有 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">透過三維空間的資訊與結構模型，才能發現被害人身上或現場所遺留工具痕跡的立體深度. 例如：泥地的立體鞋印、物件上犯罪工具造成的立體痕跡，甚至被害人身上齒印痕的細部曲度等，除方便比對，找出犯罪工具或嫌疑人，也可利用3D列印，方便 <span style="font-family:標楷體">比對，3D列印成品，也當作呈堂證據.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(3) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、非破壞性檢測法：3D掃描是透過非接觸式光學掃描原理，避免直接碰觸，所導致的破壞，可減少交叉污染；亦可避免痕跡再度被破壞的情況發生.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(4) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、可立即呈現多元視角的現場原型： <span style="font-family:標楷體">現在新型的3D掃描器， <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">透過快速建構之三維結構模型，可立即獲得多元角度的立體空間. 並可於電腦上進行分析，用360度全方位視角檢視 <span style="font-family:標楷體">，3D列印輔助處理人員發現缺失的部份.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:標楷體">(5) <span style="font-family:標楷體">、幫助犯罪現場3D場景或物證的重建，強化現場痕跡與物證辨識.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.5; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、3D掃描及3D列印限制：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(1) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、精確的水平要求：3D掃描器都有其最佳化的距離限制，如果實際測量範圍超出掃描器設定的條件，結果將會不準確，更會影響最後的物證分析結果，3D列印的限制雷同，因價格不同、技術不一，粗造精密自然有所差異.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(2) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、反射表面：由於3D掃描器是利用雷射光束的發射與傳送，計算出掃描點的相對位置，若待測物體是具有高反射率與光澤表面，較容易產生問題.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(3) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、黑色或高吸收光束的表面：深色或會吸收光束的表面會使3D掃描器無法獲得足夠的資訊.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(4) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、斜曲面限制：當物體的表面變得傾斜時，雷射光束不容易直接反射回掃描器上，最後得出錯誤的結果.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(5) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、資料合併錯誤：重複掃描或是一次在兩個非常鄰近的地方做掃描，產生影像重疊時，易產生資料合併錯誤的情況.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">  

<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">三、智能手機搭配Apps程式的效益和限制：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">1 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、智能手機搭配Apps程式的效益：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(1) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、快速到達犯罪現場：透過智能手機內建的衛星定位功能，可精確得知犯罪現場的位置，尤其針對荒郊野外，沒有門牌地址處，此外手機搭配Google Map可使用實景街圖不會迷失方向. 也可讓勤務指揮中心，掌握相關人車之調配.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(2) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、現場製作筆錄提升效率：透過智能手機之觸控、錄影、錄音與語音辨識等Apps程式，可將現場筆錄、現場記錄等資料數位化，避免字跡潦草、錯字塗改的問題，不需同時攜帶照相機、錄音機或錄影機等造成手忙腳亂的問題.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(3) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、照相與測繪更精緻：智能手機透過拍照與測繪Apps程式，使用內建比例尺的繪圖程式、專用攝影和全景照相等，可快速完整記錄現場全貌.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(4) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、現場影音記錄整合： <span style="font-family:標楷體">智能手機搭配Evernote程式，可把照片、錄音檔、現場圖與影片完全的整合在一齊，產生圖文並茂的報告. 例如：當記錄到被害者的頭部有鈍器傷痕，可加照片讓閱讀者了解傷痕的形狀與確切位置. 當描述現場四周環境佈滿血跡，可放現場血跡影片說明之，讓閱讀者有具體的影像呈現，對現場更瞭解. 同理在現場圖，加入影片或圖片，有助閱讀者重現犯罪現場的情境.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(5) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、現場查詢與分析同步化： <span style="font-family:標楷體">智能手機 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">透過 <span style="font-family:標楷體">藍芽、WiFi與 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">3G/4G <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">無線 <span style="font-family:標楷體">通訊技術，搭配適當的Apps程式， <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">查詢鑑識資料庫，進行視訊會議，獲取即時資訊，有助於犯罪現場的即時分析和討論. <span style="font-family:標楷體">此外，搭配Line Apps程式就享有圖、聲音及影像的會議模式，減少口述方式，造成的資訊不對稱及溝通成本浪費.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(6) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、行動辦公室：傳統勘察人員必須回到警察局辦公室方能工作的缺點，現在員警在犯罪現場，即可完成勘察報告，無線傳輸，並與勤務指揮中心同步聯絡.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.5; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、智能手機搭配Apps程式的限制：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(1) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、文書處理功能受限：智能手機因為硬體規格受限，採用體積較小、耗能較低的簡易型電腦的功能，若跟筆記型電腦的功能比較，確實在硬體上略有遜色.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(2) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、受制於網路普及：根據《通訊傳播委員會》2010年統計顯示台灣有能力行動上網用戶，占行動通信用戶比例為68.7%，行動上網普及率落後於歐、美、日等國家.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(3) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、應用程式開發限制：App開發商尚未針對犯罪現場調查相關的軟體設計，許多App運用到犯罪現場管理仍有安全性與法律效力上的限制.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">四、無線射頻識別(RFID)效益與限制：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">1 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、無線射頻識別(RFID)的效益：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(1) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、物證標籤電子化： <span style="font-family:標楷體">經同意採證扣押的證物，均應填寫物證清單；標誌過程需填報許多的書面資料. 當現場勘察結束後，物證的轉移仍須由偵查人員填報類似的採驗記錄表，轉呈警察局的鑑識單位. 此時填寫清單將重複，當物證數量多的時候，將造成承辦人員很大的工作負擔. 因此，若使用RFID標籤，節省物證移轉的時間，可提供更好、更精確的物證移轉程序.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(2) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、物證移轉的電子記錄追蹤：透過RFID標籤資料儲存功能，可避免傳統填寫物證移交清單不夠精確或遺漏之問題，善用RFID可讓證物移交的所有資訊，讓證物移交的過程中更加便利與周全.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(3) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、查詢證物室歸檔的物證更快速：搭配證物室RFID標籤的定位功能，經由讀取器上的查詢功能，可避免過去因物證數量龐大，不易尋找之問題.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(4) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、物證的整架歸位：透過手持式讀取器，可解決及克服人為錯放物證位置的問題，只需在讀取器設定，就可找到錯放的物證，使歸位的工作變得更輕鬆.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(5) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、物證保全的關鍵步驟提醒：透過防盜系統，RFID可安裝智能感應設備，提醒監控人員，防止物證離開管控區域.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(6) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、協助證物室、實驗室和贓物庫的庫存管理：提供各單位查詢工作，連結物證與筆錄、勘驗報告的關連及相關之門禁管制與監控管理.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、無線射頻識別(RFID)的限制：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(1) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、設備價格問題：相關的報告指出 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[24] ，鉅額花費是阻礙此技術普及的主要原因.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(2) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、RFID技術標準限制：目前RFID還未形成全球統一的標準，各國都出自於自身利益與安全的考慮不願達成協議，造成各家設備無法相容.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(3) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、無法穿透金屬限制：因為無線電波無法穿越金屬等材質，因金屬與空氣中的濕度與感測距離等因素，對RFID讀取品質將會有影響.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(4) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、系統整合限制：目前物證管理系統，還是採傳統之條碼設計，如何接合舊有的條碼系統和整合資料格式等，將資源做完整性的變革，是一個很大的挑戰.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">五、鑑識雲端運算的效益與限制：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">1 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、鑑識雲端運算的效益：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(1) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、可降低建置軟、硬體成本：透過整合全國鑑識雲端之軟、硬體資源，各地的鑑識單位，不需分別建置資料庫，只需一套大型的伺服器，安裝適當程式，即可共享資源，讓勘察人員查詢.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(2) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、隨時隨地進行比對與鑑定：雲端運算可根據使用者的需要，擴充運算資源，如此便可擺脫傳統，需要到實體機器上操作的缺點，並享受遠端雲端的即時服務，線上提供所需的比對或查詢的任務.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(3) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、減少資料傳輸成本：減少重複性的工作，節約資料重複傳輸的困擾，減少資料傳輸的次數並提升速度.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(4) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、學者專家的協同作業：透過雲端協同作業平台，勘察人員可以進行專家視訊對談，犯罪現場蒐集的資訊，可立即分享與編輯，有助勘察、偵查與整合情資.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.5; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、鑑識雲端運算的限制：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(1) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、安全性的限制：目前雲端資料庫的安全仍有憂慮，鑑識資料庫由誰管理？如何掌控管理品質？倘若資料庫的安危受到質疑，將無法保有法律效益，因此必須將安全性的問題解決，先進的服務才能夠普及.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">(2) <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">、偵查模式變革劇烈：犯罪現場調查的體制牽涉甚廣，從行政程序、法律議題，及人力訓練問題，進行整併，必須透過各單位協商溝通後才能執行.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:3.0gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">  

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">「犯罪現場是物證的寶庫」，物證是決定刑案偵破、嫌犯俯首認罪的主要關鍵. 如何能讓證據說話？犯罪現場調查的結果扮演關鍵的角色. 眾所皆知現場調查是犯罪偵查的起點，多一分現場調查的努力，就少一分犯罪偵查的辛勞. 本研究引進現代科技管理的觀念，設計了一套系統模組──勘察人員透過「穿戴式蒐證器材」，在第一時間將現場的「3D影像」藉由「無線傳輸」技術，同時傳送到犯罪現場指揮中心和影像資料庫中. 再藉由網路「視訊會議」模式，邀請各領域的鑑識專家聯合會診，商討最佳的處理方針，整合多元的資源和提供必要協助. 亦也可透過「雲端資料庫」和「專家系統」的協助，傳輸現場的影像 (如指紋、鞋印、工具痕跡、臉孔、車牌等)，經由鑑識資料庫，辨識、查詢出所需的線索；或利用「電子鼻」及其他攜帶型偵檢器，將在現場所檢測的分析資訊回傳，比對出危害現場安全的可疑毒氣、爆裂物甚至核生化武器等. 此系統模組的研究成果，相信對於犯罪現場的現況將有突破性的變革.

<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:char; mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">  

<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:char; mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">伍、結論與建議 

<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;layout-grid-mode:char; mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">  

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體">本研究整合「刑案現場即時蒐證」、「鑑識資料庫」與「雲端運算」，分享專家系統的新概念，透過智能手機搭配Apps程式，即時現場錄影、錄音，甚至繪製現場圖，製作勘察報告或筆錄. 亦可透過無線網路或3G/4G即時影音通訊概念，傳輸相關資訊至「鑑識雲端」即時整合；另系統模組的研究，利用行動運算平臺、線上鑑識之方法，對於掌握犯罪現場的現況將有突破性的變革. 本文也將把現場勘察工作與記錄數位化後，變革單位及期待效益等，綜合成分析表格（如表一、勘察工作與司法科技關聯矩陣表）. 藉由鑑識雲端運算導入指紋比對、臉孔比對和車牌比對，與傳統比對方式的比較表（如表二、鑑識雲端運算效益分析表）. 運用司法科技，改善傳統保全物證的問題，並協助勘察人員更有效率的工作方式物證的監督管理是破案的關鍵，關係到未來證據是否具有法律效力，鑑識雲端運算的整體管理模式，有助於未來打造犯罪現場調查的全方位解決方案，得以實現「現場是物證的寶庫」的理念.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體">本研究拋磚引玉，期望透過善用司法科技，協助鑑識人員從事最有效的勘察作為、記錄最完整的原始現場資訊，透過無線傳輸影像和相關證物資訊，後端處理、整合各項資源，讓學者專家在第一時間能從旁指導，發揮勘察現場的最大效益. 期望科技的現場勘察，只需少數人即可完成蒐證的工作. 減少進入現場蒐證的人力，亦可避免對犯罪現場的重複破壞. 司法科技目前在國內尚屬新興領域，期望本研究能夠吸引更多不同領域的專家加入，協助提供勘察現場最簡便、最有效率的蒐證資訊，大幅提升現場勘察人員的效益，共同為強化科學蒐證、推動司法改革，及降低冤獄的理想目標盡份心力.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode:char;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">表一、勘察工作與司法科技關聯矩陣表 <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">表二、鑑識雲端運算效益分析表 <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體">古云：「工欲善其事，必先利其器. 」，「器」就是指新興科技. 犯罪現場調查是非常龐雜的工作，因此勘察人員從事調查工作時，必需善用這些現代科技，也必須體認「應用科學的發展快速，永無止境」. 懂得隨時充電、終身學習，方可與時俱進，且不會被科技的洪流淘汰. 隨著新興技術興起，廠商紛紛推出尖端器材與技術. 若勘察人員還循用傳統辦案的方式與思維，著實讓人惋惜. 因此，如何鼓勵並強化勘察人員使用新科技的專業能力，以及前瞻性的思維是更重要的課題. 隨著雲端科技崛起，傳統地域性的限制早已破除──未來應成立國家級的鑑識資源共享平台，讓所有資源可以分享，並透過協同作業，產生更有效率的辦案模式. 所謂「道高一尺、魔高一丈」，預防犯罪、遏止犯罪的關鍵在於「司法科技」必高於「犯罪科技」，倘若科學界繼續漠視司法科技的推廣及發展，讓犯罪者「科技」高於偵查者時，日後可能看到罪犯四處橫行、無懼法律. 我們目前僅能採用傳統的勘察與採證技術，無法偵辦、對付高科技的犯罪手法，受害的還是自己；相對的，若有機會引發各科學領域的專家關注此議題，共同攜手合作，對司法科技給予扶持和協助，並且提供更專業的技術指導和合作，便是解決之道，更是台灣全民的福祉.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體">本研究最後提供三點建議如下，供相關決策者參考：

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">一、應推廣「鑑識雲端運算」的實務運用 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體">近年來，有鑑於「教育雲」和「醫療雲」的概念推行、發展迅速，研究首次提出「鑑識雲端運算」的概念. 「鑑識雲端運算」是國內最欠缺的雲端概念，主要結合「智能手機搭配Apps程式」、「雲端視訊」以及「鑑識資料庫」，達到「現場指揮、即時蒐證比對」的功能和效益. 換言之，善用「鑑識雲端運算」能夠讓犯罪現場調查人員，在第一時間將現場的情境利用視訊與資深專家交換討論. 利用線上指揮，緊急應變各事宜. 調查人員也可將證物資訊搭配無線網路，傳輸至雲端，同時將與鑑識資料庫線上比對結果，回傳第一線人員. 不僅可解決菜鳥經驗不足的窘境，亦可充分發揮鑑識人力，並節省傳統蒐證和辨識所需等待的時間.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">二、鼓勵廠商開發警政相關的智能手機和應用軟體（Apps程式） 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體">在台灣，行動電話是民眾最常帶在身旁的物品，如何善用智能手機的運用軟體來推動警政工作、維護社會治安是很關鍵的議題. 本研究曾嘗試三種軟體（Evernote, MagicPlan CSI和360 Panorama）應用於犯罪現場調查，成效良好，然而這僅是拋磚引玉的第一步. 近來新北市政府警察局自行開發行動軟體「iPolice」提供多項功能：除了定位報案功能之外，還有違規拖吊查詢、警察服務據點、最新治安訊息、防騙金鐘罩…等服務. 內政部警政署也開發「即時相片比對系統」Apps程式：遇到身分不明對象，只要拍下照片，即可利用「警政雲」比對照片的功能. 目前此功能正在測試階段. 但相較於其他Apps程式，警政相關的Apps程式實在太少了.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體">台灣警察的手持硬體裝置，從傳統的「小神補」到近年的「M-Police」，依然停留在按鍵式輸入手持裝置. 與各先進國家警察所持有的平板手持裝置、語音輸入功能相較，台灣的警用手機硬體大幅落後. 我們素以「科技島」聞名世界，並非無能力，而是無科技人關注此議題. 期望藉由此研究，向政府提出建議，鼓勵產、官、學界開發警政相關的智能手機和應用軟體（Apps程式），並提供不同作業平台的使用者皆能下載使用，以達到更顯著的治安成效.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">三、向下扎根、擴大鑑識科技專業人才之培育 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體">馬總統於2012年9月8日提出對 蘇O和 案留下3個教訓，包含「應該杜絕刑求及不當取供」、「提升刑事鑑識水準」、「擴大犯罪補償並增加金額」. 其中強調「提升國內刑事鑑識水準」最為關鍵，一旦提升鑑識水準，採集足夠的科學證據、罪證確鑿，便不會出現刑求及不當取供的問題，更能避免冤獄，如此一來，自然沒有擴大犯罪補償並增加金額的需求. 然而，提升刑事鑑識水準，不應該僅是一句口號. 全國目前有上千位的檢察官、法官，但負責專業科學蒐證的鑑識人員卻不及半數（即兩位法官、兩位檢察官，共用一位鑑識人員辦案），這就是當前『科學辦案』的困境. 培育未來鑑識科學人才，是最基本也最重要的關鍵，每年國家培育成千上萬的法律人、科技人，但國內培育鑑識人才僅有 中央警察大學鑑識科學系. 近兩年來，每年全國僅招收十位大學部的新生，持續下去，可以預見未來的「科學辦案」的困難──若想「提升刑事鑑識水準」，無疑是夏蟲語冰. 檢討原因，除國內鑑識單位不受重視，層級低，絕大多數縣市政府警察局的鑑識人員始終不足編制原額（很多還不及1/2的編制原額），且目前具備鑑識科技的執法人數更是有限. 若想提升刑事鑑識水準，除了應改善最令民眾詬病的「車禍鑑定」、「火災鑑定」問題，改組專責之鑑定機構，聯合成立「國家級」，且獨立於司法單位之外的鑑識科學組織，以杜絕球員兼裁判的疑慮. 復因各鑑識單位所建置的資料庫，一直無法有效整合，導致現行相關鑑識資料無法同步. 因此更應推動國家級的鑑識資料庫以解決此問題. 國家級的鑑識資料庫不僅可統一鑑識資料的格式，避免錯誤分析，另期望透過立法，促使廠商配合在鞋印、汽機車油漆片、各類玻璃片等鑑識相關物品在製造過程或進口的強制建檔，讓鑑定單位進行搜尋與比對，以期解決國內鑑識資料庫不足. 如此日後亦可擁有更豐富的資源和能力，帶領台灣邁向與先進國家同步的鑑識認證體系.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">陸、參考文獻： 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt;mso-char-indent-count: -1.0;mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">1. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">謝幸宜、邱式鴻，以自率光束法提升四旋翼UAV航拍影像之空三平差精度，航測及遙測學刊，16卷4期 (2013/01/01).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">2.ALAVI, Maryam; CARLSON, Patricia. A review of MIS research and disciplinary

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">development. Journal of Management Information Systems, 1992, 8.4: 45-62.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">3.Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. "Making fast strategic decisions in high-velocity

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">environments." Academy of Management journal 32.3 (1989): 543-576.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt;mso-char-indent-count: -1.0;mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">4.Edwards, H., and C. Gotsonis. "Strengthening forensic science in the United States: a path forward." Statement before the United State Senate Committee on the Judiciary (2009).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">5. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">改變未來世界的10大科技，2013-10-18，來源: 香港成報.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">6. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">監察院，「監察院江國慶案-糾正990512案」，民國99 年

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">7.http://www.technologyreview.com/lists/breakthrough-technologies/2013/

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">8. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">陳姿伶. "個案研究法 (Case Study)."(2004).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">9. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">薛義誠、張陳基、袁弘瑉， "以專利分析探討智慧型載具之研發趨勢."(2009).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt;mso-char-indent-count: -1.0;mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">10. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">黃隆明等，"幾何校正法應用於無人載具空拍影像從事災區調查分析" 中華水土保持學報 37.2 (2006): 111-124.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">11. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">蔡能斌等, "三維鐳射掃描技術在犯罪現場重建中的應用"影像技術，1，(2011): 012.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-char-indent-count: -1.5;mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">12.Santoso, Stephanie M., Benjamin D. Horne, and Stephen B. Wicker. "Destroying by Creating: Exploring the Creative Destruction of 3D Printing Through Intellectual Property."

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">13. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">第一把3D列印金屬槍問世，2013/11/09 【中央社╱洛杉磯9日綜合外電報導】聯

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:18.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.5; mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 標楷體">合報.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-char-indent-count: -1.5;mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">14.http://now.msn.com/solid-concepts-texas-company-3-d-prints-first-all-metal-gun-but-its-expensive

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-char-indent-count: -1.5;mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">15. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">蔡佰翰，以彈性模型為基礎的三維臉部重建，國立清華大學電機工程學系，碩士論文，2005.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">16. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">即時相片比對App 10秒認出毒蟲，2013-9-20，自由電子報.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">17. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">鄭吉辰, 何韋德, and 黃天佑. "智慧型手機之雲端車牌辨識系統建置." (2007).

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-char-indent-count: -1.5;mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">18. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">劉冠宏. "雲端車牌辨識系統之 Android App 設計." 淡江大學資訊工程學系碩士在職專班學位論文 2012 年 (2012): 1-65.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-char-indent-count: -1.5;mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">19. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">郭嬌紋等，無線射頻識別系統 (RFID) 簡介及在檢驗追蹤管理之應用，藥毒所專題報導, 2010,98:1-14.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-char-indent-count: -1.5;mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">20. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">黃吉松，無線射頻辨識技術運用於數位證物保全系統之研究，國立臺灣科技大學資訊管理系，碩士論文，2009.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-char-indent-count: -1.5;mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">21. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:標楷體">楊中皇，行動智慧裝置數位鑑識系統之技術研發與建置，行政院國家科學委員會計畫/計畫編號 NSC101-2221-E017-013 ,2012.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">22. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">新北市警局、中華電信共同打造全台最大警政雲，[2013/01/25]，自由時報.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">23. <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">監察院，「監察院謝振茂案-糾正990610 審定版」，2010年.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-char-indent-count: -1.5;mso-pagination:widow-orphan"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">24.BOSS, Richard W. RFID technology for libraries. American Library Association, 2003.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:153.75pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif""> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]  <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"">Edwards, H., and C. Gotsonis. "Strengthening forensic science in the United States: a path forward." Statement before the United State Senate Committee on the Judiciary (2009). <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif""> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]  <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"">ALAVI, Maryam; CARLSON, Patricia. A review of MIS research and disciplinary development. Journal of Management Information Systems, 1992, 8.4: 45-62. <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif""> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]  <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"">Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. "Making fast strategic decisions in high-velocity environments." Academy of Management journal 32.3 (1989): 543-576. <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif""> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]  <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"">陳姿伶. "個案研究法 (Case Study)." (2004). <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif""> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]   <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"">監察院，「監察院謝振茂案-糾正990610 審定版」，2010年 <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif""> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]  <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"">監察院，「監察院江國慶案-糾正990512 定案」，2010年 <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif""> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]  <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"">MIT Technology Review, 2013 <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"">；http://www.technologyreview.com/lists/breakthrough-technologies/2013/ <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif""> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]  <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"">改變未來世界的10大科技2013-10-18，來源:香港成報. <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif""> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]  <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"">薛義誠、張陳基、袁弘瑉， "以專利分析探討智慧型載具之研發趨勢." (2009). <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif""> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]   <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"">黃隆明等，"幾何校正法應用於無人載具空拍影像從事災區調查分析 Application of Geometric Correction Method to Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV) Airscape Image for Surveying and Analysis of Disaster Areas." 中華水土保持學報 37.2 (2006): 111-124. <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif""> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]  <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"">蔡能斌等, "三維鐳射掃描技術在犯罪現場重建中的應用." 影像技術，1，(2011):012. <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif""> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]  <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"">Santoso, Stephanie M., Benjamin D. 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