第十周隨堂筆記



隨堂筆記(十)2013.12.12 鑑識科學毒物之夜 

Outline

 Ø     上課筆記

 Ø     上課心得



一、上課筆記

賴永淳技士 /演講

Course offered:

<p class="MsoNormal">Hair and Fibre

<p class="MsoNormal">Questioned documents

<p class="MsoNormal">Common Separation techniques

<p class="MsoNormal">Microscopic Procedures

<p class="MsoNormal">DNA Analysis forms a Central Role in Body Fluid Charaterisation '''<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"> '''

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">楊筑安技士 /<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">演講

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">牛奶駭人

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<p class="MsoNormal"> GC/MS

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<p class="MsoNormal">Example of a GC-MS instrument

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">氣相色譜法–質譜法聯用（英語： Gas chromatography <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">– mass spectrometry <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">，簡稱氣質聯用，英文縮寫 GC-MS) <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">是一種結合氣相色譜和質譜的特性 <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">，在試樣中鑒別不同物質的方法. GC-MS<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">的使用包括藥物檢測（主要用於監督藥物的濫用）、火災調查、環境分析、爆炸調查和未知樣品的測定. GC-MS<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">也用於為保障機場安全測定行李和人體中的物質. 另外， GC-MS<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">還可以用於識別物質中以前認為在未被識別前就已經蛻變了的痕量元素.

<p class="MsoNormal"> GC-MS <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">已經被廣泛地譽為司法學物質鑒定的金標方法，因為它被用於進行「專一性測試」. 所謂「專一性測試」就是能十分肯定地在一個給定的試樣中識別出某個物質的實際存在. 而非專一性測試則只能指出試樣中有哪類物質存在. 盡管非專一性測試能夠用統計的方法提示該物質具體是那種物質，但存在識別上的正偏差.

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">死人酒駕可以由抽血來測酒精濃度

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">大部份抽心臟的血

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">醫院檢測酒精是用甚麼方法

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">交通事故肇事者委託強制抽血酒精濃度檢驗，合法執行公權力，杜覺爭議

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<p class="MsoNormal">         <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">發布單位：     <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">交通警察大隊

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<p class="MsoNormal">         <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">發布日期：     2012.05.01

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<p class="MsoNormal">         <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">點閱率：         770

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<p class="MsoNormal">         <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">內容：     <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">臺灣每年交通事故發生量、傷亡人數，居高不下，其中酒後駕車肇事案件，本市轄近三年計發生 2<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">， 343<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">件、受傷 2<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">， 833<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">人、死亡 59<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">人，造成重大社會危害，相當令人痛心. 為有效釐清事故責任，保障車禍受害者權益，伸張社會公義，臺南市政府警察局特擬與本市各醫療、檢驗機構訂定行政契約，對於酒後肇事拒絕接受或肇事無法實施呼氣酒精濃度檢測者， 強制抽血檢驗酒精濃度 ，有效合法執行公權力，以杜絕爭議.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">臺南市衛生局於本（ 101<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">）年 4<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">月 30<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">日假該局召開「交通事故肇事者委託強制抽血酒精濃度檢驗宣導說明」，會中除邀請本市國立成功大學醫學院附設醫院、奇美醫療財團法人奇美醫院、柳營奇美醫院、佳里奇美醫院、臺灣基督長老教會新樓醫療財團法人臺南新樓醫院、麻豆新樓醫院、臺南市郭綜合醫院、臺南市立醫院、高雄榮民總醫院臺南分院、行政院衛生署臺南醫院、行政院衛生署臺南醫院新化分院、行政院衛生署新營醫院、營新醫院等 13<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">家醫院代表參加外，並協請臺南市政府警察局交通警察大隊派員到場宣導及說明.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">按道路交通管理處罰條例第 35<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">條第 5<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">項規定：「汽車駕駛人肇事拒絕接受或肇事無法實施第 1<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">項測試之檢定者，應由交通勤務警察或依法令執行交通稽查任務人員，將其強制移由受委託醫療或檢驗機構對其實施血液或其他檢體之採樣及測試檢定. 」，是以，接受警察強制移送之醫療或檢驗機構必須已與警察機關訂有行政契約或私法上委任契約者始足當之.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">另依法務部 98<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">年 8<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">月 11<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">日法律字第 0980022634<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">號書函說明二：依據「道路交通管理處罰條例」第 35<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">條第 5<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">項規定，委託民間醫療或檢驗機構辦理，此一檢驗係對於人民之身體權加以限制或施強制力，徵諸上述，已涉及公權力行使權限之移轉，屬行政程序法第 16<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">條第 1<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">項之『委託』，是本件警察人員依上揭規定將其權限委託民間團體或個人辦理，雙方訂定之委託契約即應屬行政契約，依行政程序法第 139<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">條之規定，應以書面為之，其所稱之『書面』，不限單一書面文件，當事人雙方以書面往返達成合意者亦屬之」.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">對於汽車駕駛人肇事拒絕酒測或無法實施酒精濃度測試者，將由事故處理員警填妥「道路交通事故檢測委託書」，並經單位主管核章後，交醫療、檢驗機構櫃臺服務人員轉請醫師（護）人員依委託事項辦理，並提供檢驗報告，俾為警方辦案參考.

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">臺南市政府警察局表示：強制抽血檢測工作先前承蒙本市各大醫療、檢驗機構長期鼎力執行，特致謝忱；為期醫療、檢驗機構提供肇事汽車駕駛人血液酒精濃度測試檢定合於法令規定，於臺南市升格為院轄市後，特依相關法令規定，協請本市各醫療院所訂定行政契約，對於交通事故拒絕呼氣檢測者或受傷無法實施呼氣檢測者，實施強制抽血檢測，同時呼籲所有汽車駕駛人，尊重生命，酒後不開車.

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">人證 -><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">不可信

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">物證 -><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">可信

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">詰問證據

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">詰問 (<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">法醫研究所 )<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">蘇建和案

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">（中央社記者賴又嘉台北 14<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">日電）台灣高等法院審理蘇建和案，今天傳喚法醫石台平出庭作證，對法醫研究所的鑑定報告表示意見. 石台平質疑法醫研究所鑑定成員資格 ，被告律師團也主張，鑑定報告不可採.

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">王文孝、蘇建和、劉秉郎、莊林勳被控犯下民國 80<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">年汐止吳銘漢夫婦命案. 當時正於軍中服役的王文孝，因在現場留下血指紋，被捕後坦承犯行，並供出胞弟王文忠、蘇建和等人涉案，王文孝已於民國 81<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">年被依軍法槍決.

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">蘇、劉、莊 3<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">人於 84<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">年遭最高法院判處死刑定讞. 全案經律師聲請再審獲准後， 3<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">人一度獲判無罪，但 96<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">年高院再更一審時， 3<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">人又遭判死刑，案件再遭最高法院發回重審後，高院曾分別囑託法醫研究所和鑑識專家李昌鈺進行現場重建，但法醫研究所的鑑定報告出爐後，明顯對蘇建和等人不利.

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">合議庭今天傳訊石台平出庭，藉由石台平的專業經驗對鑑定報告提供意見. 檢、辯雙方就法醫研究所鑑定報告內容詰問石台平，也對石台平的證人身分爭執. 石台平於庭中花費許多時間分析鑑定報告細節，並對法醫研究所鑑定成員的資格提出質疑.

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">被告律師團認為，石台平的證詞可證法醫研究所的鑑定報告不符經驗法則，不可採用，但檢方認為，石台平的證人身分有適格問題. 審判長於庭末諭知，將於 5<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">月 28<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">日再傳喚石台平， 由被告詰問.

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<p class="MsoNormal">WHAT IS An expert

<p class="MsoNormal">-Based on

<p class="MsoNormal">What is “Science evidence”

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">甚麼叫科學證據

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">科學證據未必科學

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">◎ <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">李俊億

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">近日八里雙屍案與三重分屍醃頭案成為社會焦點，報載由於未能突破嫌犯心防，案情陷入膠著，因此各方賢達紛紛提供錦囊妙計，導致「亂象」叢生，引起檢警高層關切. 其實這些「亂象」反映了民眾的關心，其中或許也意味著不放心，因為不忍心再看到慘痛的冤獄教訓，希望檢警找到科學證據，才是證明有罪的王牌證據，積極偵辦. 然而科學證據就一定可靠嗎？茲以江國慶案為例，提醒我們科學證據也需要檢驗. 尤其江案在歷次有罪判決書中，均有大篇幅羅列科學證據，藉以證明犯罪，但仍發生冤獄，證明此案科學證據似乎也不科學. 其中如空軍作戰司令部判決書：「…並於同年十月一日據法務部調查局對被告所做鑑定測謊報告，發覺其涉有重嫌乃鎖定之…」，顯示科學測謊所扮演的關鍵角色.

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">除了測謊外，江國慶的精液鑑定也是讓他揮不去冤死夢魘的關鍵證據，因為實驗室鑑定出衛生紙有精液，精液與被害人的血液混合，面對這種鐵證，偵查人員會放過江國慶嗎？然而，當時的精液是如何鑑定呢？依據國防部北部地方軍事法院一百年再審無罪判決之理由中敘述：「鑑定人…分別於北軍檢署一○○年三月三日到庭具結證稱，…渠時係採取衛生紙中『含有血跡斑跡處』來鑑驗，而『ＳＭ試劑精斑檢查法』是用來初篩精液斑跡，『抗人血紅素血清免疫沉降反應試驗法』則是用來確認精液斑跡…」. 看到此內容幾乎不敢相信，鑑定單位竟然用檢驗血跡是否為人血之檢驗方法︱︱「抗人血紅素血清免疫沉降反應試驗法」︱︱來檢驗精液，令人匪夷所思. 檢驗血液要用驗血試劑，檢驗精液要用精液試劑，怎會以驗血試劑來檢驗精液？在血斑上用驗血試劑檢驗精液，所得陽性結果當然是來自血液反應，而非精液反應，這是常識. 實驗室若連最基本之精液檢驗方法都無法正確選擇，其他鑑定內容的可信度不知將會如何？

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">科學證據可以伸張正義，也可以造成冤獄，司法偵審人員不可不慎.

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">（作者為台大法醫所教授）

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<p class="MsoNormal">Frye v. United States

<p class="MsoNormal">Gained General acceptance in the specific field

<p class="MsoNormal">Dampert v. Merrell

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd; text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> l     Whether the scientific theory or technique can be or has been tested

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd; text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> l     Whether the scientific theory or technique has been subjected to peer preview and publication

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd; text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> l     Whether the scientific theory or technique has a known or potential rate or error

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:24.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd; text-indent:-24.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings"> l     Whether the scientific

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">法官把關的責任： relevant and reliable

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">測謊

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">最高法院 92<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">台上 4294<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">判決所示：「 按證據能力，乃證據資料容許為訴訟上證明之資格，屬證據之形式上資格要件；至證據之證明力，則為證據之憑信性及對於要證事實之實質上的證明價值. 證據資料必須具有證據能力，容許為訴訟上之證明，並在審判期日合法調查後，始有證明力可言，而得為法院評價之對象. 」（引自 http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/?qid=1306020902424<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">）簡單言之，所謂所謂證據能力，就是到底可不可以來該證據來證明待證事實，至於證明力，則是拿出來的證據是不是已經足夠證明待證事實.

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">關於測謊的證據能力及證據力，請參考下文：（出處：財團法人司法改革基金會網站，法治教育網）

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">作者：陳遠詮改寫自民間司改會出版之小市民權益保護 99<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">招

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">受到「 科學辦案」的觀念影響，「測謊」似乎已經成為以科學方式偵查犯罪的「利器」 ，不但警察、檢察官，甚至法官都經常使用測謊來調查犯罪，而且若犯罪嫌疑人拒絕接受測謊好像就變成了「做賊心虛」. 究竟什麼是測謊？測謊真的可以測出真相嗎？

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">所謂測謊，其理論基礎在於：一般人若下意識刻意隱瞞事實真相時，會產生微妙的心理變化，例如：憂慮、緊張、恐懼、不安等現象，而因身體內部之心理變化，身體外部之生理狀況亦隨之變化，例如：呼吸急促、血液循環加速、心跳加快、聲音降低、大量流汗等異常現象. 因此若能藉由科學儀器紀錄受測者對於測謊員的提問所產生的生理變化，然後加以分析，就可以知道受測者是否下意識刻意隱瞞事實真相，並判定其供述是否真實. 所以我們可以知道，測謊機本身並不能直接告訴我們受測者說的話是真是假，測謊的品質還涉及提問者的專業學識及經驗、問題的設計、測謊紀錄之分析解讀等等因素；受測者也可能因為生理因素或對於測謊質問之問題無法真正瞭解，導致出現陳述不實的情緒波動反應.

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">在刑事訴訟程序上，為了維護犯罪嫌疑人的人性尊嚴，法律必須特別保障被告面對訊問時陳述與否的自由，否則警察、檢調人員可能利用強暴、脅迫、疲勞訊問或其他不正當的方法來取得被告的供述，因此刑事訴訟法第一百五十六條第一項規定：「被告之自白，非出於強暴、脅迫、利誘、詐欺、疲勞訊問、違法羈押或其他不正之方法，且與事實相符者，得為證據. 」那麼，利用「測謊」來取得被告的陳述，是不是「不正方法」的訊問？

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">在美國，雖然實務上會運用測謊作為偵查手段，但多數州法不承認測謊結果可以做為證據，因此，測謊只是警察辦案時的參考，沒有辦法在審判過程中提出於法院. 在德國，由於測謊是藉由受測者無法依其自由意志控制的生理反應，來得知受測者隱藏於內心、不願意別人知道的資訊，測謊侵害了被告的人格自由，因此禁止對被告進行測謊. 至於我國，不但認為可以對被告進行測謊，最高法院認為只要符合五個要件，測謊也不是不正方法，而可以成為證據：

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">「測謊鑑定究竟有無證據能力，刑事訴訟法並無明文規定，惟實務上，送鑑單位依刑事訴訟法第二百零八條第一項規定，囑託法務部調查局或內政部警政署刑事警察局為測謊檢查，受囑託機關就檢查結果，以該機關名義函覆原囑託之送鑑單位，該測謊檢查結果之書面報告，即係受囑託機關之鑑定報告，該機關之鑑定報告，形式上若符合測謊基本程式要件，包括：

<p class="MsoNormal"> ( <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">一 ) <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">經受測人同意配合，並已告知得拒絕受測，以減輕受測者不必要之壓力.

<p class="MsoNormal"> ( <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">二 ) <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">測謊員須經良好之專業訓練與相當之經驗.

<p class="MsoNormal"> ( <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">三 ) <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">測謊儀器品質良好且運作正常.

<p class="MsoNormal"> ( <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">四 ) <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">受測人身心及意識狀態正常.

<p class="MsoNormal"> ( <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">五 ) <span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">測謊環境良好，無不當之外力干擾等要件.

<p class="MsoNormal">&hellip;<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">受測者否認犯罪之供述呈現不實之情緒波動反應，不得採為有罪判決之唯一證據」（最高法院刑事判決九十四年度台上字第四三九一號）

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">由上面的討論可以知道：測謊結果並不能代表真相，測謊未通過也不代表就是有罪，而且被告對於犯罪之指控並無陳述義務，有權自由決定是否為陳述，這是「不自證己罪」的基本要求. 因此，縱使目前實務上容許測謊，也在符合要件下承認測謊的證據能力，但犯罪嫌疑人沒有接受測謊的義務， 法院也不能僅依賴測謊的結果為被告有罪之判決，還必須調查其他必要證據來認定，否則將會導致檢警調人員過度依賴測謊作為其偵查手段，對於被告的人格自由造成侵害.

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">我國法醫鑑識單位

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">法務部調查局

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">刑事警察局刑事鑑識中心

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">法務部法醫研究所

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">各縣市警察局鑑識科

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">－法醫病理組

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">安排非法醫師解剖

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">－血清證物組

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">無名屍比對：ＤＮＡ比對、矽藻比對

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">－毒物化學組

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">死者生物檢體之毒藥物定性、定量、函詢

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">檢體種類：血液、胃內容物、人體組織

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">驗尿驗出有嗎啡、鴉片

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">只要有吃寒鴉片丁的咳嗽藥水就會有

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">安非他命是驗不出來的

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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">二、上課心得：

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri">林子訓 :<span style="font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri">這次上課是來自實務界的兩位演講者，他們為我們帶來了甚麼才是我們真正在命案現場才會碰到的事情，還有在實驗室裡的事情，很多思維衝擊了我的觀念，比如說為甚麼專家是專家，這不禁打破我許久根深蒂固觀念，我們常常相信專家但並沒有基於甚麼特定的理由，而就相信人家了. 讓我不禁發現自己在判斷事情這一方面還不太靈敏，需要更縝密的思慮才行，這次的演講我看到了台灣慢慢發展中的鑑識科學，希望有朝一日能夠趕上歐美國家的腳步並領先全世界

<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:標楷體;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">